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陶可主治醫(yī)師 北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院 骨關(guān)節(jié)科 髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病及治療策略2021年最新進(jìn)展:美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯綜述AmJSportsMed股骨髖臼撞擊在綜合征FAI;髖臼成形術(shù);髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);凸輪畸形CAM;鉗夾型畸形PINCER;髖關(guān)節(jié)撞擊征;髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡作者:BruceReider作者單位:Chicago,Illinois譯者:陶可(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)科)文獻(xiàn)出處:BruceReider.Hips2021.Editorial,AmJSportsMed.2021Jan;49(1):21-24.doi:10.1177/0363546520977832.圖1正常髖關(guān)節(jié)是由髖臼(球窩)與股骨頭(球體)以及覆蓋在其表面的軟骨、圍繞在周?chē)挠鄞?、小凹韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)囊、髖周肌肉、血管神經(jīng)等組成復(fù)雜的復(fù)合體。發(fā)揮聯(lián)接骨盆與以上身體重量傳遞至下肢股骨的橋梁作用。因?yàn)楦鞣N原因,如飲酒、激素、外傷股骨頭/股骨頸骨折后等,可導(dǎo)致股骨頭無(wú)菌性/缺血性骨壞死(股骨頭壞死)、先天性或繼發(fā)性髖臼發(fā)育不良、髖關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核/細(xì)菌感染等所致的髖關(guān)節(jié)融合、盂唇損傷、髖臼股骨頭頸部撞擊癥、坐骨股骨撞擊癥、復(fù)雜髖關(guān)節(jié)/股骨頭頸部畸形,Perthes病等均會(huì)影響髖關(guān)節(jié)功能,輕者可能出現(xiàn)反復(fù)或持續(xù)性髖關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)崦浱弁?、重者可能出現(xiàn)跛行或無(wú)法站立行走;且髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病很容易與腰骶部病變、骶髂關(guān)節(jié)炎癥、梨狀肌綜合征、坐骨結(jié)節(jié)滑囊炎、腰椎間盤(pán)突出癥等相混淆,需細(xì)致且準(zhǔn)確的臨床查體、影像學(xué)檢查,如X線(xiàn)片、彩超、CT掃描、及核磁共振檢查,以明清病因。圖2髖臼股骨頭頸部撞擊癥FAI分為3種:鉗夾型撞擊、凸輪型撞擊以及兩者均存在的混合型撞擊。圖3髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡通過(guò)微創(chuàng)手術(shù)入路,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)股骨頭頸部撞擊癥FAI、盂唇損傷、脂肪變性、滑膜炎、游離體、小凹韌帶撕裂等的有效處理。Hips2021如果一位報(bào)紙記者要我找出21世紀(jì)頭20年間骨科運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的重大事件,我必須帶頭推薦髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查和相關(guān)關(guān)節(jié)保留技術(shù)的巨大發(fā)展。僅在20年前,您可能一方面可以指望以髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)而聞名的北美外科醫(yī)生的數(shù)量,并且可以說(shuō)他們有能力滿(mǎn)足非洲大陸對(duì)這種技術(shù)的需求。今天,髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查仍然足以引起專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的興趣,以至于其從業(yè)者經(jīng)常專(zhuān)注于這一關(guān)節(jié),但他們的數(shù)量在世界范圍內(nèi)呈指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)。髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查已成為骨科運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)訪(fǎng)學(xué)課程不可或缺的一部分。這種增長(zhǎng)的功勞必須由有見(jiàn)地的外科醫(yī)生分享,他們將股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)確定為疼痛和髖關(guān)節(jié)退化(骨關(guān)節(jié)炎)的原因2,7,以及那些利用他們的創(chuàng)造力將關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)應(yīng)用于其治療的人。這種獨(dú)創(chuàng)性使得髖臼盂唇的手術(shù)治療從簡(jiǎn)單的清創(chuàng)到修復(fù)再到重建的速度驚人地增長(zhǎng)。本月《美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》上的一系列論文展示了當(dāng)代髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡臨床研究的多樣性。這些文章的第一篇通過(guò)記錄Minnesota,Olmsted明尼蘇達(dá)州奧姆斯特德縣2000年至2016年股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)的診斷和治療,反映了21世紀(jì)髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查的發(fā)展。10這個(gè)縣在2010年擁有144,260人口,有幸成為著名的Mayo梅奧診所和Rochester羅切斯特流行病學(xué)項(xiàng)目的所在地。該項(xiàng)目將所有奧姆斯特德居民的醫(yī)療記錄聯(lián)系起來(lái),無(wú)論他們?cè)谀睦铽@得醫(yī)療保健。本研究的作者確定了1893名14至50歲的患者,他們?cè)?000年至2016年期間從奧姆斯特德醫(yī)生那里接受了髖部疼痛、髖部撞擊或髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病的診斷。在檢查了患者的記錄和X線(xiàn)片后,研究人員確定716名患者的813髖符合股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)的Warwick標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。9在整個(gè)期間,股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)的發(fā)生率為54.4/100,000人年:女性(73.2)高于男性(36.1)。一個(gè)重要的觀察結(jié)果是,診斷的發(fā)生率隨著時(shí)間的推移而增加,從2000-2004年的每10萬(wàn)人年40.3例增加到2005-2009年的45.3例,再到2010-2016年的72.6例。正如作者所觀察到的,對(duì)于股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)明顯增加的最可能的解釋是對(duì)這種情況的日益認(rèn)識(shí),而不是其發(fā)生的真正爆炸式增長(zhǎng)。盡管非手術(shù)治療是最常見(jiàn)的治療方法,但在研究期間手術(shù)治療的頻率隨之增加。最引人注目的是,關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療的使用從2000-2004年的1例增加到2010-2016年的160例。正如股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)和其他髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病的識(shí)別和治療在過(guò)去20年中已經(jīng)成熟一樣,相關(guān)研究也蓬勃發(fā)展。早期的報(bào)告通常是案例系列,后續(xù)研究出人意料地簡(jiǎn)短,因?yàn)閺臉I(yè)者努力將他們的初步結(jié)果付諸發(fā)表。近年來(lái),這些已經(jīng)讓位于2、5甚至10年隨訪(fǎng)的比較研究。隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)的頻率越來(lái)越高。在本期AJSM中,F(xiàn)IRST研究小組的成員報(bào)告了一項(xiàng)有影響的跨國(guó)試驗(yàn)的2年結(jié)果,該試驗(yàn)旨在確定骨軟骨成形術(shù)是否為接受關(guān)節(jié)鏡下盂唇治療以治療疼痛的非關(guān)節(jié)炎股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)的患者提供額外的益處。6研究人員隨機(jī)分配了220名患者對(duì)照組,根據(jù)需要接受關(guān)節(jié)鏡灌洗和盂唇修復(fù),以及骨軟骨成形術(shù)組,其中除了盂唇修復(fù)外,還切除了凸輪型和鉗子型撞擊病變。本研究的結(jié)果可能有助于深入了解髖臼盂唇損傷的發(fā)病機(jī)制。當(dāng)作者分析術(shù)后12個(gè)月的視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS)疼痛測(cè)量的計(jì)劃主要結(jié)果時(shí),治療組之間沒(méi)有顯著差異。12個(gè)月功能評(píng)分的次要結(jié)果也沒(méi)有差異,除了一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)有利于對(duì)照組。然而,與對(duì)照組(19/104)相比,骨軟骨成形組(8/105)的24個(gè)月再手術(shù)率(主要是疼痛或盂唇再損傷)顯著降低:優(yōu)勢(shì)比,0.37(95%CI,0.15-0.89).6由于兩組在12個(gè)月時(shí)報(bào)告的疼痛水平?jīng)]有差異,我們可以推斷關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)后最初的疼痛緩解可能歸因于盂唇修復(fù)和灌洗的效果。對(duì)照組的再手術(shù)率增加,最早可在術(shù)后2年檢測(cè)到,這可能被解釋為間接證據(jù)表明股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)的骨異常特征易導(dǎo)致疼痛的盂唇損傷,并且潛在的骨性損傷可能會(huì)再次發(fā)生這種盂唇損傷手術(shù)時(shí)未糾正病變。3,21,24,25在本期AJSM中對(duì)10名凸輪型股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)患者的髖部進(jìn)行的離散元素分析支持了這一理論。24這些作者計(jì)算了模擬撞擊期間增加的峰值關(guān)節(jié)接觸應(yīng)力與對(duì)照髖相比,在有凸輪畸形的髖關(guān)節(jié)中進(jìn)行測(cè)試。在充分切除凸輪后,峰值接觸應(yīng)力恢復(fù)到正常范圍。FIRST試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的這種解釋得到了Domb等人最近發(fā)表的另一篇AJSM文章的支持。4在該回顧性隊(duì)列研究中,作者根據(jù)其術(shù)前和術(shù)后α角測(cè)量值將髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查患者分為3個(gè)匹配組:術(shù)前術(shù)后α角均為50°,術(shù)前α角為55°,術(shù)后α角為50°,術(shù)前術(shù)后α角均為55°。手術(shù)時(shí),兩組術(shù)前α角較大(平均為66°-69°)的盂唇和髖臼軟骨損傷均高于術(shù)前α角平均僅為50°的第三組。術(shù)后至少2年隨訪(fǎng)時(shí),術(shù)前α角較大而未在手術(shù)中矯正的組不太可能達(dá)到改良哈里斯髖關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(mHHS)的患者可接受癥狀改善狀態(tài)(PASS),并且比其他2組更可能進(jìn)展為髖關(guān)節(jié)置換。正如Domb等人的這項(xiàng)研究專(zhuān)注于股骨形態(tài)的矯正一樣,Johannsen等人在本月的AJSM中進(jìn)行的另一項(xiàng)研究檢查了髖臼形態(tài)的手術(shù)治療可能如何影響最終結(jié)果。在這項(xiàng)研究中,作者報(bào)告了192名接受髖臼成形術(shù)和盂唇修復(fù)術(shù)的患者的至少5年的術(shù)后結(jié)局?;颊吒鶕?jù)髖臼切除深度進(jìn)行分類(lèi),通過(guò)外側(cè)中心邊緣角(LCEA)的變化和術(shù)后外側(cè)中心邊緣角(LCEA)的大小來(lái)衡量。與Domb研究相比,這組作者發(fā)現(xiàn)這些髖臼形態(tài)變化的測(cè)量與患者報(bào)告結(jié)果測(cè)量(PROM)定義的臨床結(jié)果或手術(shù)后平均6.5年的翻修率幾乎沒(méi)有關(guān)系,這不一定是矛盾的,因?yàn)镈omb等人的研究著眼于切除不足的可能影響,而Johannsen等人的研究側(cè)重于可能反映過(guò)度切除的測(cè)量。從邏輯上講,一定程度的髖臼過(guò)度切除會(huì)對(duì)患者的預(yù)后產(chǎn)生不利影響,但作者顯然避免了這種過(guò)度的髖臼成形術(shù),至少在所選擇的結(jié)果測(cè)量中可以檢測(cè)到。最后,正如作者所指出的,外側(cè)中心邊緣角(LCEA)是最常見(jiàn)的髖臼形態(tài)指標(biāo),但可能是對(duì)影響穩(wěn)定性或撞擊的復(fù)雜髖臼因素的過(guò)度簡(jiǎn)化。這兩項(xiàng)研究旨在確定外科手術(shù)的細(xì)節(jié)如何影響最終的治療結(jié)果。許多其他臨床髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡研究試圖確定可能預(yù)測(cè)手術(shù)結(jié)果的其他因素,包括一般患者特征、術(shù)前髖關(guān)節(jié)解剖、術(shù)前或術(shù)后早期疼痛或患者報(bào)告結(jié)果測(cè)量(PROM)水平。5,11,13,17-20這些研究中的大多數(shù)在設(shè)計(jì)上是回顧性的,因此他們確定了需要在未來(lái)的前瞻性研究中驗(yàn)證為真正具有預(yù)測(cè)性的關(guān)聯(lián)。據(jù)報(bào)道,正如紐約Yankee偉大的YogiBerra所說(shuō),“很難做出預(yù)測(cè),尤其是關(guān)于未來(lái)的預(yù)測(cè)。”本月AJSM中的四篇論文研究了患者特征與隨后的手術(shù)結(jié)果之間可能存在的關(guān)聯(lián)。在其中的第一個(gè)中,Menge等人17報(bào)告了一組60名青少年在關(guān)節(jié)鏡下治療股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)并進(jìn)行相關(guān)的盂唇修復(fù)后的結(jié)果。術(shù)后10年,研究人員注意到10%的翻修率,所有病例均涉及女性患者,這與整體髖關(guān)節(jié)囊松弛和術(shù)前癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間顯著相關(guān)。在第二項(xiàng)研究中,Lin等人13報(bào)告109名患者的5年生存率為71%,失敗定義為翻修手術(shù)或進(jìn)展為關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。當(dāng)他們將患者分為15-34歲、35-50歲和51-75歲的人群時(shí),研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡最大的人群進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的可能性增大了5倍。除了年齡,Lin等人還發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的體重指數(shù)(BMI)與5歲時(shí)的非關(guān)節(jié)炎髖關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(NAHS)和mHHS之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。Parvaresh及其同事在本月的AJSM上發(fā)表的第三篇論文20專(zhuān)門(mén)關(guān)注了患者的BMI與關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療FAI的5年結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系。研究人員根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義將140名患者分為正常、超重、肥胖和病態(tài)肥胖亞組。盡管所有BMI組的疼痛水平都有顯著改善,與正常體重指數(shù)BMI組相比,但病態(tài)肥胖組不太可能達(dá)到患者報(bào)告結(jié)果測(cè)量(PROM)的最小臨床重要差異(MCID),所有3個(gè)較重的組都不太可能達(dá)到PASS和實(shí)質(zhì)性臨床益處(SCB)。這組研究中的第四項(xiàng)研究“髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查后臨床結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè)因素”5由Domb等人5發(fā)現(xiàn),在一系列860名患者中,除其他因素外,年齡和體重指數(shù)BMI與2年和5年結(jié)果評(píng)分以及轉(zhuǎn)為關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)相關(guān)。除了檢查性別、全身松弛、年齡和體重指數(shù)BMI等一般患者特征外,還進(jìn)行了許多研究來(lái)確定與手術(shù)成功或失敗相關(guān)的髖關(guān)節(jié)解剖學(xué)方面。8,14-16,22在另一項(xiàng)研究中本月的AJSM,Maldonado等人14研究了術(shù)前髖臼過(guò)度覆蓋對(duì)股骨髖臼撞擊征(FAI)關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療結(jié)果的可能影響。作者比較了45名術(shù)前外側(cè)中心邊緣角LCEA為40°的患者與年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)BMI和隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間相匹配但外側(cè)中心邊緣角LCEA介于25°和40°之間的相似數(shù)量的患者的結(jié)果。術(shù)后5年,兩組在幾個(gè)患者報(bào)告結(jié)果測(cè)量PROM上的平均改善相似,達(dá)到最小臨床重要差異MCID的比率也相似。有趣的是,過(guò)度覆蓋組實(shí)際上轉(zhuǎn)換為關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的比率較低,盡管作者承認(rèn)這可能是由于他們的組規(guī)模相對(duì)較小而導(dǎo)致的I型錯(cuò)誤。Maldonado和許多相同的作者還進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究,比較了20名臨界髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者(定義為18°和25°之間的外側(cè)中心邊緣角LCEA)與61名匹配的對(duì)照,其外側(cè)中心邊緣角LCEA測(cè)量值在25°和40°之間。15在這項(xiàng)研究中,患者正在接受翻修手術(shù),隨訪(fǎng)僅2年。同樣,兩組都報(bào)告了患者報(bào)告結(jié)果測(cè)量PROM的類(lèi)似改善,但對(duì)照組在記錄的3個(gè)患者報(bào)告結(jié)果測(cè)量PROM中的2個(gè)上實(shí)現(xiàn)最小臨床重要差異MCID的比率更高。額外的關(guān)節(jié)鏡翻修率和轉(zhuǎn)為關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的比率也存在差異,這些差異在臨床上很重要,但在所研究的樣本量中沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義?;颊吆屯饪漆t(yī)生都想知道他們?cè)隗y關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查后的早期結(jié)果是否可以表明他們?cè)谥衅诩耙院蟮念A(yù)期結(jié)果。本月AJSM的另外兩項(xiàng)研究分析了術(shù)后早期結(jié)果與長(zhǎng)期結(jié)果之間的相關(guān)性。首先將患者分為術(shù)后1年mHHS變化中位數(shù)以上和以下的組。1在術(shù)后5年,評(píng)分高于1年中位數(shù)變化的組的翻修手術(shù)率較低,PROM評(píng)分較高,并且更有可能達(dá)到MCID和PASS水平。在第二項(xiàng)研究中,Shapira等人23對(duì)911名初次接受髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查的患者進(jìn)行了多變量分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后1年的mHHS評(píng)分與是否需要進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)鏡翻修或轉(zhuǎn)換為關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。作者發(fā)現(xiàn),這些患者中有113名(12.4%)在手術(shù)后平均約3年接受了其中一種二次手術(shù)。作者構(gòu)建了受試者工作特征曲線(xiàn),計(jì)算出術(shù)后1年mHHS>80.5的患者在研究期間接受進(jìn)一步手術(shù)的可能性降低了74%。21世紀(jì)的前20年是髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查快速發(fā)展的激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)期。正如我們很幸運(yùn)有這么多有創(chuàng)造力的外科醫(yī)生開(kāi)發(fā)新技術(shù)或改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有技術(shù)一樣,我們也很幸運(yùn)有這么多外科醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家愿意付出辛勤工作來(lái)記錄他們的成果,以確定哪些有效,哪些無(wú)效。不用說(shuō),任何研究設(shè)計(jì)總是有改進(jìn)的余地。盡管如此,開(kāi)展一項(xiàng)多中心國(guó)際試驗(yàn)所需的計(jì)劃、組織和勇氣,就像FIRST研究小組本月與我們分享的那樣,是鼓舞人心的。將這樣的研究形象化并貫穿始終,就像耐心地種植一棵樹(shù)苗一樣。Ifanewspaperreporteraskedmetoidentifythebiggeststoriesinorthopaedicsportsmedicineoverthefirst2decadesofthe21stcentury,I’dhavetogivetheleadtotheenormousgrowthofhiparthroscopyandassociatedjointpreservingtechniques.Only20yearsago,youprobablycouldcountononehandthenumberofNorthAmericansurgeonsknownfortheirexpertiseinhiparthroscopy,andtheyarguablywouldhavehadthecapacitytomeetthecontinent’sdemandforthistechnique.Today,hiparthroscopyisstillenoughofaspecializedinterestthatitspractitionersoftenconcentrateonthisonejoint,buttheirnumbershavegrownexponentiallythroughouttheworld.Hiparthroscopyhasbecomeanindispensablepartofanorthopaedicsportsmedicinefellowshipcurriculum.Thecreditforthisgrowthmustbesharedbytheinsightfulsurgeonswhoidentifiedfemoroacetabularimpingement(FAI)asacauseofpainandjointdegeneration2,7andthosewhodrewupontheircreativitytoapplyarthroscopictechniquestoitstreatment.Thisingenuityhasallowedsurgicalmanagementoftheacetabularlabrumtoprogressfromsimpledebridementtorepairtoreconstructioninastonishinglyrapidsuccession.Acollectionofpapersinthismonth’sAmericanJournalofSportsMedicineillustratethevarietyofcontemporaryclinicalresearchinhiparthroscopy.Thefirstofthesearticlesreflectsthegrowthofhiparthroscopyinthe21stcenturybychroniclingthediagnosisandtreatmentofFAIinOlmstedCounty,Minnesota,from2000to2016.10Thiscounty,whichhadapopulationof144,260in2010,hasthegoodfortunetobethehomeoftherenownedMayoClinicandtheRochesterEpidemiologyProject.ThisventurelinksthemedicalrecordsofallOlmstedresidents,regardlessofwheretheyobtaintheirhealthcare.Theauthorsofthecurrentstudyidentified1893patientsfrom14to50yearsoldwhoreceivedadiagnosisofhippain,hipimpingement,orhipjointdisorderfromanOlmstedphysicianbetween2000and2016.Afterexaminingthepatients’recordsandradiographs,theinvestigatorsdeterminedthat813hipsof716patientsfittheWarwickcriteriaforFAI.9Overtheentireperiod,theincidenceofFAIwas54.4per100,000person-years:higherinfemales(73.2)thanmales(36.1).Animportantobservationwasthattheincidenceofthediagnosisincreasedovertime,from40.3per100,000person-yearsin2000-2004,to45.3in2005-2009,to72.6in2010-2016.Astheauthorsobserve,themostlikelyexplanationfortheapparentincreaseofFAIisagrowingrecognitionoftheconditionratherthanatrueexplosioninitsoccurrence.Althoughnonoperativetherapywasthemostcommontreatment,thefrequencyofsurgicaltreatmentincreasedconcomitantlyduringthestudyperiod.Mostremarkably,theuseofarthroscopictreatmentincreasedfrom1casein2000-2004to160casesin2010-2016.JustastherecognitionandtreatmentofFAIandotherhipdisordershavematuredoverthelast2decades,associatedresearchhasflourished.Earlyreportsweretypicallycaseserieswithsurprisinglybrieffollow-up,aspractitionersstrovetogettheirinitialresultsintoprint.Inrecentyears,thesehaveyieldedplacetocomparativestudieswith2,5,andeven10years’follow-up.Randomizedtrialsarenowappearingwithincreasingfrequency.InthisissueofAJSM,membersoftheFIRSTinvestigatorsgroupreportthe2-yearresultsofanambitiousmultinationaltrialaimedatdeterminingwhetherosteochondroplastyprovidesanadditionalbenefittopatientsundergoingarthroscopiclabraltreatmentforpainfulnonarthriticFAI.6Theinvestigatorsrandomized220patientsbetweenacontrolgroup,whichreceivedarthroscopiclavageandlabralrepairasneeded,andanosteochondroplastygroup,inwhichbonycamandpincerimpingementlesionswereresectedinadditiontolabralrepair.Theresultsofthisstudymayprovideaninsightintothepathogenesisofacetabularlabralinjury.Whentheauthorsanalyzedtheplannedprimaryoutcomeofvisualanalogscale(VAS)painmeasurementat12monthspostoperatively,therewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenthetreatmentgroups.Secondaryoutcomesof12-monthfunctionalscoreswerealsonotdifferent,withtheexceptionofonescoreinfavorofthecontrolgroup.However,therateofreoperationat24months,primarilyforpainorlabralreinjury,wassignificantlylowerintheosteochondroplastygroup(8/105)comparedwiththecontrols(19/104):oddsratio,0.37(95%CI,0.15-0.89).6Becausetherewasnodifferenceinthepainlevelreportedbybothgroupsat12months,wemaydeducethatinitialpainreliefafterarthroscopictreatmentofFAImaybeattributabletotheeffectsoflabralrepairandlavage.Theincreasedrateofreoperationinthecontrolgroup,detectableasearlyas2yearspostoperatively,maybeinterpretedasindirectevidencethatthebonyabnormalitiescharacteristicofFAIpredisposetothepainfullabralinjuryandthatthislabraldamagemaytendtorecuriftheunderlyingbonylesionsarenotcorrectedatthetimeofsurgery.3,21,24,25Adiscreteelementanalysisofhipsfrom10patientswithcamFAIinthisissueofAJSMsupportsthistheory.24Theseauthorscalculatedincreasedpeakjointcontactstressesduringsimulatedimpingementtestinginthehipswithcamdeformitiescomparedwithcontrolhips.Afteradequatecamresection,thepeakcontactstressesreturnedtoanormalrange.ThisinterpretationoftheFIRSTtrialresultsissupportedbyanotherrecentAJSMpublicationbyDombetal.4Inthatretrospectivecohortstudy,theauthorsdividedhiparthroscopypatientsinto3matchedgroupsaccordingtotheirpre-andpostoperativealphaanglemeasurements:thosewhosealphaanglewas50°bothbeforeandaftersurgery,thosewhosealphaanglewas.55°beforesurgeryand50°afterward,andthosewhosealphaanglewas.55°bothbeforeandaftersurgery.Atthetimeofsurgery,bothgroupswithelevatedpreoperativealphaangles,whichaveraged66°-69°,werenotedtohavemorelabralandacetabularcartilagedamagethanthethirdgroup,whosemeanpreoperativealphaanglewasonly50°.Whenfollowedupaminimumof2yearsaftersurgery,thegroupwhoseelevatedpreoperativealphaanglewasnotcorrectedatsurgerywaslesslikelytoachievethepatientacceptablesymptomstate(PASS)forthemodifiedHarrisHipScore(mHHS)andmorelikelytoprogresstoarthroplastythantheother2groups.JustasthisstudybyDombetalfocusedoncorrectionoffemoralmorphology,anotherstudyinthismonth’sAJSMbyJohannsenetal12examinedhowsurgicalmodificationofacetabularmorphologymayhaveinfluencedtheeventualresults.Inthisstudy,theauthorsreporttheminimum5-yearpostoperativeoutcomesin192patientswhounderwentacetabuloplastyandlabralrepair.Patientswereclassifiedaccordingtothedepthofacetabularresection,measuredbythechangeinthelateralcenter-edgeangle(LCEA)andbythemagnitudeofthepostoperativeLCEA.IncontrasttotheDombstudy,thisgroupofauthorsfoundthatthesemeasurementsofchangeinacetabularmorphologyhadlittletonorelationshiptotheclinicalresultsasdefinedbypatient-reportoutcomemeasures(PROMs)orrevisionrateameanof6.5yearsaftersurgery.Thisisnotnecessarilyacontradiction,astheDombetalstudylookedatthepossibleeffectsofunderresection,whereastheJohannsenetalstudyfocusedonmeasurementsthatmightreflectoverresection.Logically,theremustbeadegreeofoverresectionoftheacetabulumthatwouldadverselyaffectpatientoutcomes,buttheauthorsapparentlyavoidedsuchexcessiveacetabuloplasty,atleastasdetectablebytheoutcomemeasureschosen.Finally,astheauthorsnote,LCEAisthemostcommonmetricofacetabularmorphologybutmaybeanoversimplificationofthecomplexacetabularfactorsthatcaninfluencestabilityorimpingement.These2studiesaimedtodeterminehowtheparticularsofthesurgicalproceduremightaffecttheultimatetreatmentresults.Muchadditionalclinicalhiparthroscopyresearchhassoughttoidentifyotherfactorsthatmightpredictsurgicaloutcomes,includinggeneralpatientcharacteristics,preoperativehipanatomy,andpreoperativeorearlypostoperativepainorPROMlevels.5,11,13,17-20Mostofthesestudieshavebeenretrospectiveindesign,sotheyidentifyassociationsthatwouldneedtobeverifiedastrulypredictiveinfutureprospectivestudies.AsNewYorkYankeegreatYogiBerraisreportedtohavesaid,‘‘It’stoughtomakepredictions,especiallyaboutthefuture.’’Fourpapersinthismonth’sAJSMexaminedpossibleassociationsbetweenpatientcharacteristicsandsubsequentsurgicaloutcomes.Inthefirstofthese,Mengeetal17reportedtheresultsinacohortof60adolescentsfollowingarthroscopictreatmentofFAIwithanassociatedlabralrepair.At10yearspostoperativelytheinvestigatorsnoteda10%revisionrate,allcasesofwhichinvolvedfemalepatients,thatwassignificantlyassociatedwithgloballaxityandpreoperativesymptomduration.Inasecondstudy,Linetal13report71%5-yearsurvivalin109patients,withfailuredefinedasrevisionsurgeryorprogressiontoarthroplasty.Whentheydividedtheirpatientsintocohortsaged15-34,35-50,and51-75,theinvestigatorsfoundthattheoldestgroupwas5timesmorelikelytoprogresstoarthroplasty.Besidesage,Linetalalsofoundanassociationbetweenpatients’bodymassindex(BMI)andtheNon-ArthriticHipScore(NAHS)andmHHSat5years.Athirdpaperinthismonth’sAJSM,byParvareshandcolleagues,20focusedspecificallyontherelationshipbetweenpatients’BMIandthe5-yearresultsofarthroscopictreatmentofFAI.Theinvestigatorsdivided140patientsintosubgroupsofnormal,overweight,obese,andmorbidlyobeseaccordingtostandarddefinitions.AlthoughallBMIgroupssawasignificantimprovementintheirpainlevels,themorbidlyobesegroupwaslesslikelytoachievetheminimalclinicallyimportantdifference(MCID)forPROMs,andall3heftiergroupswerelesslikelytoachievethePASSandSubstantialClinicalBenefit(SCB)thantheirnormalBMIcounterparts.Thefourthstudyinthisset,‘‘PredictorsofClinicalOutcomesAfterHipArthroscopy’’byDombetal,5alsofoundageandBMI,amongotherfactors,tobeassociatedwith2-and5-yearoutcomescoresandconversiontoarthroplastyinaseriesof860patients.Asidefromexamininggeneralpatientcharacteristicssuchassex,globallaxity,age,andBMI,manystudieshavebeencarriedouttoidentifyaspectsofhipjointanatomythatcorrelatewithsurgicalsuccessorfailure.8,14-16,22Inanotherstudyinthismonth’sAJSM,Maldonadoetal14examinethepossibleeffectofpreoperativeacetabularovercoverageontheresultsofarthroscopictreatmentforFAI.Theauthorscomparedtheresultsin45patientswhosepreoperativeLCEAwas.40°withasimilarnumberofpatientsmatchedforage,sex,BMI,andlengthoffollow-upbutwhoseLCEAmeasuredbetween25°and40°.At5yearsaftersurgery,bothgroupshadsimilaraverageimprovementsonseveralPROMsandsimilarratesofachievingMCID.Interestingly,theovercoveragegroupactuallyhadalowerrateofconversiontoarthroplasty,althoughtheauthorsconcedethismightbeatypeIerrorattributabletotherelativelysmallsizeoftheirgroups.Maldonadoandmanyofthesameauthorsalsoperformedastudycomparing20patientswithborderlinehipdysplasia,definedasanLCEAbetween18°and25°,with61matchedcontrolswhoseLCEAmeasuredbetween25°and40°.15Inthisstudy,thepatientswereundergoingrevisionsurgeryandthefollow-upwasonly2years.Again,bothgroupsreportedsimilarimprovementinPROMs,butthecontrolgrouphadhigherratesofachievingtheMCIDon2ofthe3PROMsrecorded.Therewerealsodifferencesintherateofadditionalrevisionarthroscopyandconversiontoarthroplastyofmagnitudesthatwouldbeclinicallyimportantbutwerenotstatisticallysignificantwiththesamplesizestudied.Bothpatientsandsurgeonswouldliketoknowwhethertheirearlyresultsafterhiparthroscopymightindicatewhatoutcomestheycouldexpectinthemediumtermandbeyond.Twootherstudiesinthismonth’sAJSManalyzedcorrelationsbetweenearlypostoperativeresultsandlongertermoutcomes.ThefirstdividedpatientsintogroupsthatscoredaboveandbelowthemedianchangeinmHHS1yearaftersurgery.1At5yearspostoperatively,thegroupthatscoredabovethemedianchangeat1yearhadalowerrateofrevisionsurgery,hadbetterPROMscores,andweremorelikelytoachieveMCIDandPASSlevels.Inthesecondstudy,Shapiraetal23performedamultivariableanalysisof911patientswithprimaryhiparthroscopyandfoundanassociationbetweenthemHHSscore1yearpostoperativelyandtheneedforrevisionarthroscopyorconversiontoarthroplasty.Theauthorsfoundthat113(12.4%)ofthesepatientsunderwentoneofthesesecondaryproceduresanaverageofabout3yearsaftersurgery.Constructingareceiveroperatingcharacteristiccurve,theauthorscalculatedthatpatientswhose1-yearpostoperativemHHSwas>80.5were74%lesslikelytoundergofurthersurgeryduringthestudyperiod.Thefirst2decadesofthe21stcenturyhavebeenanexcitingtimeofrapidevolutioninhiparthroscopy.Justasweareblessedtohavesomanyinventivesurgeonsdevelopingnewtechniquesorrefiningestablishedones,wearealsoblessedtohavesomanysurgeonsandscientistswillingtoputinthehardworktodocumenttheiroutcomes,todeterminewhatworksandwhatdoesnot.Needlesstosay,thereisalwaysroomforimprovementinanyresearchdesign.Nevertheless,theamountofplanning,organization,andgritneededtocarryoffamulticenterinternationaltrialliketheonethattheFIRSTInvestigatorsgroupsharedwithusthismonthisinspirational.Tovisualizesuchastudyandseeitthroughtocompletionisakintoplantingasaplingandpatiently.圖片來(lái)源Googleimages.2022年02月20日
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