周曉初
主任醫(yī)師
科室主任
中醫(yī)外科田恒宇
主任醫(yī)師 教授
3.6
中醫(yī)外科蔣基令
主任醫(yī)師 教授
3.4
中醫(yī)外科韓炳生
主任醫(yī)師 教授
3.2
中醫(yī)外科趙江寧
副主任醫(yī)師 講師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科李侁
醫(yī)師 研究員
3.1
中醫(yī)外科曾小粵
主任醫(yī)師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科陳潔生
主任醫(yī)師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科張宇光
主任醫(yī)師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科林歡榮
副主任醫(yī)師
3.1
黃誠
副主任醫(yī)師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科馬旭
副主任醫(yī)師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科姚良權(quán)
副主任醫(yī)師 副教授
3.1
中醫(yī)外科黎芳
主治醫(yī)師 講師
3.1
中醫(yī)外科趙江寧
副主任醫(yī)師
3.1
肝膽外科曾慶騰
主治醫(yī)師
2.9
中醫(yī)外科王亞威
主治醫(yī)師
3.0
中醫(yī)外科尹霖
醫(yī)師
3.0
2016-09-14 火箭軍總醫(yī)院 馬松胃食管反流病醫(yī)患聯(lián)盟 一、胃鏡: 1)檢查項(xiàng)目介紹:胃鏡檢查可以觀察的范圍有咽喉、食道、賁門、胃底、胃體、胃竇、十二指腸球部、十二指腸降部及十二指腸乳頭;因此可以明確患者是否存在以下病變:咽喉炎、反流性食管炎、Barrett食管、食管癌、賁門口有無松弛、有無食管裂孔疝、胃炎(可以明確胃炎的嚴(yán)重程度,同時(shí)取活檢明確有無萎縮性胃炎、有無腸化、有無不典型增生、有無癌變等,也可以同時(shí)取活檢檢查有無幽門螺桿菌感染)、有無胃潰瘍、有無胃息肉、有無膽汁反流及有無十二指腸炎、十二指腸潰瘍等病變。 2)推薦檢查的對象:所有患者,胃鏡檢查分常規(guī)胃鏡和無痛胃鏡。 3)檢查前注意事項(xiàng):當(dāng)天早晨需空腹(有吞咽困難的患者需禁食時(shí)間稍長),而且在做胃鏡之前還需完善傳染?。ㄒ腋?、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋)的化驗(yàn),如口服由抗凝藥,能否停服需咨詢大夫,做無痛胃鏡還需要行心電圖檢查和抽血化驗(yàn)肝功能。 二、上消化道造影(俗稱:鋇餐造影): 1)檢查項(xiàng)目介紹:此項(xiàng)檢查可以明確食道(無短食管、食管憩室、食道有無擴(kuò)張或扭曲、食道有無狹窄、食道排空的快慢、賁門有無狹窄)、胃(可以明確有無胃下垂、胃動力、胃排空情況)、幽門、十二指腸(有無狹窄、擴(kuò)張、排出是否順暢,排除腸系膜上動脈壓迫綜合征)等病變。 2)推薦檢查的對象:存在吞咽不順暢、腹脹、嘔吐癥狀的患者。 3)檢查前注意事項(xiàng):檢查當(dāng)天需空腹(有吞咽困難的患者需禁食時(shí)間稍長); 三、食道高分辨率測壓: 1)檢查項(xiàng)目介紹:此項(xiàng)檢查可以明確食管動力、食管擴(kuò)約肌壓力、有無食管裂孔疝等。對有吞咽困難的患者可以明確吞咽困難的原因(以明確是否為賁門失弛緩癥及類型、有無結(jié)蹄組織病的可能); 2)推薦檢查的對象:所有患者,特別是存在吞咽、胸痛的患者; 3)檢查前注意事項(xiàng):檢查當(dāng)天需空腹(有吞咽困難的患者需禁食時(shí)間稍長),檢查前需停止服用促進(jìn)胃腸動力的藥物和抑酸藥一周左右。 四、食管測酸(食管PH-阻抗監(jiān)測): 1)檢查項(xiàng)目介紹:此項(xiàng)檢查可以明確食管有無胃酸反流及反流的次數(shù)和嚴(yán)重程度, 不但可以明確是酸反流還是堿反流,并且還可以明確是氣體反流還是液體反流,以及反流事件的發(fā)生與難受癥狀的相關(guān)性。 2)推薦檢查的對象:所有患者,特別是存在燒心、胸痛、咳嗽、哮喘的患者以及服用抗反流藥物效果不佳的患者。 3)檢查前注意事項(xiàng):檢查前建議停服抗反流藥物(抑酸藥、促動力藥及胃粘膜保護(hù)劑)1-2周以上;檢查當(dāng)天早晨需空腹,檢查完成后可正常進(jìn)食;而且之前還需完善傳染?。ㄒ腋?、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋)的化驗(yàn)。 五、咽喉反流監(jiān)測: 1)檢查項(xiàng)目介紹:可以明確是否存在胃-食管-咽喉病理性酸反流。 2)推薦檢查的對象:存在咽喉部癥狀(如咽癢、咳嗽、喉痙攣、咽部異物感、聲音嘶啞等)的患者。 3)檢查前注意事項(xiàng):檢查前建議停服抗反流藥物(抑酸藥、促動力藥及胃粘膜保護(hù)劑)1-2周以上;檢查當(dāng)天早晨需空腹,檢查完成后可正常進(jìn)食;而且之前還需完善傳染病(乙肝、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋)的化驗(yàn)。 檢查當(dāng)天早晨需空腹,檢查做好后可正常進(jìn)食;而且之前還需完善傳染病(乙肝、丙肝、梅毒、艾滋)的化驗(yàn)。 六、胃蛋白酶檢測: 1)檢查項(xiàng)目介紹:胃蛋白酶大量存在于胃內(nèi),如在唾液、痰液及鼻部、耳部、鼻淚管等部位分泌物中檢測到超過一定濃度的胃蛋白酶,均提示存在胃食管反流病。 2)推薦檢查的對象:存在咽喉部癥狀(如咽癢、咳嗽、喉痙攣、咽部異物感、聲音嘶啞等)、口腔癥狀、耳部癥狀、鼻部癥狀以及眼部癥狀的患者。 七、其他檢查: 根據(jù)患者不同癥狀,有時(shí)候還可以行以下檢查: 1)心電圖、冠脈CTA、冠脈造影、心臟超聲檢查以排除心血管疾病; 2)行胸部CT、肺功能檢查以排除胸部、肺部疾病; 3)行腹腔CT、超聲以及血管CTA檢查,以排除肝膽胰疾病或血管疾??; 4)焦慮、抑郁量表評估; 5)頸椎、胸椎相關(guān)影像學(xué)檢查。 八、備注: 1.檢查結(jié)果陰性怎么辦? 建議可以行藥物診斷性治療,需足量、足量程,講究個(gè)體化、全面治療,我們可以給您一個(gè)最合理的建議。 2.飲食控制不容忽視 需注意少食多餐原則,避免暴飲暴食,避免睡前進(jìn)食;忌煙酒、濃茶、濃咖啡;避免進(jìn)食辛辣刺激食物和生、冷及不易消化的食物;進(jìn)食蔬菜、水果和適當(dāng)飲水十分必要,保持大便通暢和愉快的心情,適當(dāng)體育鍛煉均十分重要。 【汪忠鎬院士領(lǐng)銜,吳繼敏教授精英團(tuán)隊(duì)】 【人物】吳繼敏: 吳繼敏,火箭軍總醫(yī)院胃食管反流病科主任,主任醫(yī)師,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師。兼任中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病分會食管疾病協(xié)作組委員,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會外科分會疝和腹壁外科醫(yī)師委員會委員,中華胃食管反流病電子雜志副主編,多家醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編委。專注于胃食管反流及相關(guān)疾病的研究,參與組建國內(nèi)首家胃食管反流病科,擅長腹腔鏡下食管裂孔疝修補(bǔ)及胃底折疊術(shù)、腹腔鏡heller括約肌切開術(shù)治療賁門失弛緩癥及其它腹腔鏡手術(shù),還擅長胃鏡下Stretta射頻治療胃食管反流病。特別在腹腔鏡抗反流手術(shù)方面積累豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn),行腹腔鏡胃底折疊手術(shù)2400余例,病例數(shù)居國內(nèi)首位,形成規(guī)模化和??苹?yīng),并形成一整套針對各種類型反流采取的綜合治療模式。獲軍隊(duì)醫(yī)療成果二等獎一項(xiàng),三等獎多項(xiàng)。 好大夫網(wǎng)站(提供加號):http://wujimin.haodf.com 醫(yī)院官網(wǎng):http://www.hjjzyy.cn/Html/Departments/Main/Index_275.html 火箭軍總醫(yī)院胃食管反流病科聯(lián)系方式: 咨詢臺:010-66343428(周一至周五上班時(shí)間) 門診時(shí)間:專病門診周一至周五全天,吳繼敏專家門診周一、周四上午 中心網(wǎng)站:http://gerd.haodf.com 中心地址:北京西城區(qū)新街口外大街16號 如果您覺得此文好,請分享到您的朋友圈,讓您的朋友都可以來學(xué)習(xí)和交流。
意大利帕多瓦大學(xué)Edoardo?V.?Savarino教授 胃食管反流?。℅ERD)是西方國家中最常見的慢性胃腸道疾病之一,該病因廣泛流行、臨床表現(xiàn)變化多樣、尚未被識別的發(fā)病率以及巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)花費(fèi)而引起廣泛關(guān)注。抗分泌治療,尤其是質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPIs)是目前治療的主要方式,因?yàn)檫@類藥物在消除反流癥狀、治療食管黏膜損傷方面效果明顯。目前,有GERD癥狀(如燒心和/或反流)的患者首先接受4~8周的PPI試驗(yàn)性治療,治療期間,患者必須在早餐前服用PPI藥物。若患者對治療無反應(yīng)(見于高達(dá)40%的患者),醫(yī)生需首先確認(rèn)患者的依從性,核實(shí)患者是在推薦時(shí)間服用了恰當(dāng)?shù)腜PI劑量,然后更換為第二代PPI進(jìn)行治療,或者將PPI服用頻率改為每日2次。如果癥狀仍然存在,并且不存在報(bào)警癥狀(否則須強(qiáng)制行內(nèi)鏡檢查),這種情況下有必要進(jìn)行診斷檢查。 事實(shí)上,當(dāng)GERD患者對內(nèi)科藥物治療(8~12周PPI治療每日1次或2次)或外科治療無效時(shí),或者懷疑存在并發(fā)癥(難治性糜爛性食管炎、食管狹窄、Barrett食管)時(shí),或者考慮改變治療方案之前必須進(jìn)行確診時(shí),必須進(jìn)行診斷評價(jià)。然而,記錄GERD患者反流的作用可能是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。事實(shí)上,內(nèi)鏡檢查有一定的局限性,因?yàn)榇蟛糠只颊哏R下的表現(xiàn)是正常的。而且,上消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查時(shí)食管活檢的組織學(xué)評估還有一些弊端。因此,大多數(shù)情況下,我們主要致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)異常的胃食管反流。 2014年,應(yīng)用于臨床實(shí)踐的發(fā)現(xiàn)胃食管反流證據(jù)的技術(shù)主要有兩種:無線pH測量法和聯(lián)合阻抗pH測量法。 Bravo pH監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)使用一個(gè)無線電遙測的pH傳感膠囊,行上消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查時(shí)可以將此膠囊放置于食管遠(yuǎn)端黏膜處,一般放置于鱗柱狀上皮交界以上6cm處(不使用經(jīng)鼻內(nèi)鏡時(shí)放置在9cm處)。這個(gè)膠囊是橢圓形的,長度為25mm,可以測量pH變化,通過射頻信號將數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到夾在患者腰帶的接收器上,接收器大小與傳呼機(jī)一樣。多項(xiàng)對照試驗(yàn)研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)了這種無導(dǎo)管的無線電pH電極可用于測量食管酸暴露。這種監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的主要優(yōu)勢在于,相較與導(dǎo)管pH測量法患者的耐受性更好,這種方法也增加了將膠囊固定于不同位置的可能。然而,此法也有許多弊端。單一傳感器可能會將吞咽事件也進(jìn)行測量從而導(dǎo)致對反流的評價(jià)過度,膠囊過早脫落也會引起監(jiān)測結(jié)果變化,需要重復(fù)放置。而且,對于主訴有嚴(yán)重胸痛(5%),吞咽痛,或者膠囊無法脫落的患者需要行額外的內(nèi)鏡檢查。因此,無線電pH監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)是一種經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的可作為導(dǎo)管pH監(jiān)測法的替代方法,對于不能耐受導(dǎo)管放置的患者或者需要長期進(jìn)行pH監(jiān)測的患者(例如癥狀一整天較少發(fā)作的患者,像非心源性胸痛)來說可能是十分有用的。 聯(lián)合多通道腔內(nèi)電阻抗及pH(MII-pH)通過測量與導(dǎo)管伴行的電阻抗的方向(逆行食團(tuán)運(yùn)動)和范圍(食管下端括約肌以上至多17cm)變化檢測反流,從而根據(jù)相關(guān)的pH變化來判定反流屬于酸性(pH4.0)。與電阻抗監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)相比,利用導(dǎo)管法測pH弊端很大。主要表現(xiàn)在電阻抗檢測非酸性反流方面。因此,隨著這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,臨床醫(yī)生可以將更多的反流癥狀與反流事件相關(guān)聯(lián)。這將會提高GERD的診斷率,單一pH測量會導(dǎo)致GERD的過低評估和功能性燒心的過度評估。但是,這種測量方法也有缺點(diǎn)。反流事件精確度的確認(rèn)需要人工分析,因此這種技術(shù)比傳統(tǒng)的全自動化pH測試需要花費(fèi)更多時(shí)間。而且,在糜爛性食管炎,或者Barrett’s食管,或者重度動力異常疾病中,往往出現(xiàn)低基線電阻抗,會使電阻抗-pH追蹤的分析更加費(fèi)力。最后,將反流癥狀與反流事件關(guān)聯(lián)起來的實(shí)際指數(shù)(癥狀指數(shù)SI和癥狀相關(guān)可能性SAP)有許多局限性,需要以后的結(jié)果對照研究來明確它們的效用。盡管存在這些缺點(diǎn),MII-pH監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)目前被認(rèn)為是檢測反流事件和評價(jià)難治性GERD內(nèi)科或外科治療效果的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 反流監(jiān)測能夠進(jìn)一步描述難治性患者的特性,因?yàn)檠芯靠赡軙l(fā)現(xiàn): PPI治療失敗,酸反流持續(xù)存在時(shí),需要升級治療或手術(shù)來控制胃酸反流。 酸性反流已被充分控制,但是非酸性反流癥狀仍持續(xù)存在時(shí),需要求助于特異治療(短效食管下端括約肌松弛抑制劑、手術(shù)、選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑或5-羥色胺-去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑制劑等抗抑郁藥)。 根本無反流存在。在難治性GERD患者中,反流監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)顯示陰性,這些患者的燒心癥狀被歸類為“功能性燒心”,那些食管外的癥狀(哮喘、咳嗽、喉炎)需要額外的或重復(fù)的診斷檢查來明確非GERD病因(肺部、過敏、耳鼻喉)。 有兩點(diǎn)需要考慮:①反流監(jiān)測應(yīng)在PPI治療時(shí)或非治療時(shí)實(shí)施;②應(yīng)用什么技術(shù)(導(dǎo)管pH監(jiān)測、無線電pH監(jiān)測、電阻抗pH監(jiān)測)。未治療時(shí)進(jìn)行反流監(jiān)測可以應(yīng)用任何可行的技術(shù)(無線電或電阻抗pH)。如果檢測結(jié)果為陰性(食管遠(yuǎn)端酸暴露正常,陰性癥狀-反流相關(guān)性),患者很有可能不是GERD,PPIs治療應(yīng)當(dāng)中止,需要調(diào)查非GERD病因。但是,如果檢測結(jié)果是陽性的,并不能表示PPI治療失敗。治療時(shí)進(jìn)行反流檢測應(yīng)使用電阻抗pH監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),因?yàn)樗軠y量非酸性反流。電阻抗pH檢測可以檢測出所有可能的情況:持續(xù)性酸性反流、持續(xù)性非酸性反流、無反流。目前為止,電阻抗pH檢測結(jié)果陰性強(qiáng)烈表示癥狀并不與反流相關(guān)。在難治性GERD患者,比較治療存在與否時(shí)反流檢測的診斷率的研究十分有限,而且結(jié)果并不統(tǒng)一。因此,最近的指南建議是否在PPI治療時(shí)進(jìn)行檢測,應(yīng)依賴GERD的預(yù)測可能性和需要解決的問題。GERD可能性很低的患者(例如,非典型臨床表現(xiàn),無相應(yīng)典型GERD癥狀),pH監(jiān)測最好在非治療期間實(shí)施,因?yàn)檫@樣可以排除GERD。GERD可能性高的患者(典型癥狀,至少對PPI部分有效,之前內(nèi)鏡檢查或pH檢測結(jié)果為陽性),在治療期間進(jìn)行反流監(jiān)測可以找尋PPI治療時(shí)仍存在的持續(xù)性反流。手術(shù)之前進(jìn)行GERD評估,反流監(jiān)測最好在無PPI治療時(shí)進(jìn)行,以便確認(rèn)GERD的存在。 目前數(shù)據(jù)資料有限,關(guān)于難治性GERD患者pH測試方法的選擇尚無明確的共識。檢測方法的選擇可能取決于患者的臨床表現(xiàn),GERD的預(yù)期可能性,以及技術(shù)和專業(yè)知識的可行性。 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal diseases in Western countries, notable for its prevalence, variety of clinical presentations, under-recognized morbidity, and substantial economic consequences.1?The use of anti-secretory therapy, in particular proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), represents the mainstay of its treatment given the high efficacy of these drugs in relieving reflux symptoms and healing esophageal mucosal damages. At present, patients who have GERD symptoms (ie, heartburn and/or acid regurgitation) are given a 4- to 8-week trial with a PPI to be taken in the morning before breakfast. In case of lack of response (in up to 40% of patients), the physician should confirm patient compliance, check that the patient is taking the PPI dose at the recommended time, switch to a second-generation PPI, or administer a twice-daily PPI. If symptoms still persist and alarm signs are absent (otherwise endoscopy is mandatory), a diagnostic work-up is necessary. Indeed, diagnostic evaluation in patients with GERD symptoms is typically required when patients do not respond to medical (8- to 12-week trial with a PPI given once or twice daily) or surgical therapy, complications are suspected (refractory erosive esophagitis, stenosis, Barrett’s esophagus), or the diagnosis must be confirmed before a change in treatment strategy.However, documenting the role of reflux in GERD symptoms may be challenging. Indeed, endoscopy has several limitations given that the majority of patients have a normal endoscopic findings. Moreover, histologic assessment on esophageal biopsies taken during upper endoscopy present few drawbacks. Therefore, in most cases, our efforts are focused on documenting an abnormal gastroesophageal reflux. In 2014, two different techniques are mainly used in clinical practice in order to document gastroesophageal reflux: wireless pH-metry and combined impedance-pH testing. The Bravo pH monitoring?system uses a radiotelemetry pH sensing capsule that is attached during upper endoscopy to the mucosa of the distal esophagus, commonly at 6 cm above the squamocolumnar junction (at 9 cm if a transnasal endoscopy-free approach is used). The oblong capsule is 25 mm in length and measures pH changes, thus transmitting data via a radiofrequency signal to a pager-sized receiver clipped onto the patient’s belt. The performance of the catheter-free wireless pH electrode in measuring esophageal acid exposure has been proven in several controlled trials. The main advantages of this system are the lack of a catheter with increasing tolerability when compared with catheter-based pH monitoring and the possibility of fixing the capsule in different positions.11?However, there are some drawbacks to note. A single sensor may overestimate reflux by including swallow events, and early detachment can also alter results and may require repeated placement. Furthermore, additional endoscopic procedures may be required for patients who report severe chest pain (5%), odynophagia, or failure of the capsule to detach.?Thus, wireless pH monitoring is a validated alternative to catheter-based pH monitoring and may be very helpful in patients who do not tolerate catheter placement or in whom longer-duration pH monitoring is required (for instance, in patients with symptoms less frequently reported during a single day, such as non-cardiac chest-pain). Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (MII-pH)?detects reflux by measuring the direction (retrograde bolus movement) and extent (up to 17 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter) of changes in impedance along a catheter and qualifies reflux as acid (if pH < 4.0) or nonacid (if pH >4.0) based on the concomitant pH changes. Compared with impedance monitoring, detection of reflux with catheter-based pH monitoring is clearly inferior. This is mainly related to the impedance detection of nonacid reflux. Therefore, with the use of this technique, the clinician can correlate an increased number of reflux symptoms with a reflux episode. This increases the diagnostic yield in patients with GERD and shows that the use of pH-metry alone will result in an underestimation of GERD and an overestimation of functional heartburn. However, there are some limitations to mention. Accuracy of reflux episodes identification requires manual analysis and therefore more time than does the fully automated conventional pH test. Moreover, low baseline impedance, common in patients with erosive esophagitis or Barrett’s esophagus or with severe motility disorders, can make analyzing impedance-pH tracings arduous. Finally, the actual indices used to correlate symptoms to reflux episodes (the symptom index [SI] and the symptom association probability [SAP]) present some limitations that highlight the need for future controlled outcome studies to address their validity.Thus, despite these limitations, MII-pH monitoring is currently recognized as the gold standard for the detection of reflux episodes and for the evaluation of patients with symptoms refractory to medical or surgical treatment< Reflux monitoring enables further characterization of the refractory patient, as the study may reveal: PPI failure with ongoing acid reflux, which will require escalation of therapy to control acid reflux or surgery. Adequate acid control but ongoing symptomatic nonacid reflux, which may respond to specific therapy (transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation inhibitors, surgery, antidepressants [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]). No reflux at all. Among refractory GERD patients with a negative reflux monitoring study, those with heartburn may be classified as having “functional heartburn,” while those with extra-esophageal symptoms (asthma, cough, laryngitis) will need additional or repeat work-up for non-GERD (pulmonary, allergic, ENT) etiologies. Two key issues are relevant to consider: 1) performing reflux monitoring on or off PPI therapy and 2) what technique to use (catheter-based pH, wireless pH, or impedance pH). Reflux testing off therapy can be performed with any of the available techniques (wireless pH or impedance pH). If the test is negative (normal distal esophageal acid exposure and a negative symptom–reflux association), GERD is very unlikely, PPIs can be discontinued, and non-GERD etiologies should be investigated. However, if the test is positive, it does not provide insight about the PPI failure. Reflux testing on therapy should be performed with impedance-pH monitoring to enable measurement of nonacid reflux. Impedance-pH testing may reveal all possible scenarios: ongoing acid reflux, ongoing nonacid reflux, or no reflux. So far, a negative impedance-pH test on medication strongly supports that the symptoms are not related to reflux. Studies comparing the yield of “ off vs on” therapy reflux monitoring in refractory GERD patients are limited and have provided opposing results.19,20? Recent guidelines therefore suggest that the choice of on PPI or off PPI should rely on the pretest probability of GERD and the question that needs to be answered. In patients with a low likelihood of GERD (for instance, atypical presentations without concomitant typical GERD symptoms) pH monitoring off medication may be preferred as it will enable ruling out GERD.
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