文獻(xiàn)來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)[1]與中國心肌病診斷與治療建議工作組[2]將原發(fā)性心肌病分類和命名為擴張型心肌?。―CM)、肥厚型心肌?。℉CM)、致心律失常性右室心肌?。ˋRVC)、限制型心肌?。≧CM)和未定型心肌病五類。病毒性心肌炎演變?yōu)閿U張型心肌病屬繼發(fā)性,左室心肌致密化不全納入未定型心肌病。心肌致密化不全(NVM)是以心室內(nèi)異常粗大的肌小梁和交錯的深隱窩為特征的一種與基因相關(guān)的遺傳性心肌病。NVM過去被稱為海綿狀心肌、竇狀心肌持續(xù)狀態(tài)以及胚胎樣心肌等。因主要累及左心室,也常被稱為左室心肌致密化不全(LVNC)。對本病的初步認(rèn)識始于20世紀(jì)80年代,最早發(fā)現(xiàn)在年輕患者中[3],隨后,成人病例也陸續(xù)被報道,直到1990年Chin等[4]報道了8例患者,并建議把此類疾病稱為NVM才逐漸引起了人們的重視。 1 流行病學(xué) 美國德克薩斯州兒童醫(yī)院回顧分析26 000名兒童心臟超聲檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟病患者344例,其中NVM占9.5%[5]。澳大利亞對10歲以下兒童心肌病流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,兒童NVM占所有新發(fā)心肌病的9.2%,排在第3位,僅次于擴張型心肌病和肥厚型心肌?。?]。從目前的病例報道來看,男性發(fā)病率高于女性。檢索國內(nèi)1989年1月—2006年6月報道NVM共71例,其中男性占76%,女性占24%;診斷最小年齡3 d,最大76歲,平均33.5歲[7]。閆朝武等[8]報道NVM 31例,其中男性23例(74.2%),女性8例(25.8%),年齡13~64歲,平均(39.9±15.7)歲,其中18歲以上成年患者占主體(29例),達(dá)93.5%,可能與患者就診晚有關(guān)。 2 病因與發(fā)病機制 NVM的具體發(fā)病機制尚不十分清楚,多認(rèn)為心臟胚胎期心肌纖維致密化過程異常終止導(dǎo)致本病,是一種少見的先天性遺傳性心肌疾患。兒童病例多呈家族性,12%~50%的NVM患者都有家族史[5],且常合并心臟畸形及其他遺傳性疾病。近年基因?qū)W研究認(rèn)為它可能與Xq28染色體上的G4·5基因突變有關(guān),也可能與基因BKBP12、11P15、LMVA等有關(guān)[9]。近年來的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),編碼dystrobrevin與Cypher/ZASP的基因發(fā)生突變可能導(dǎo)致胚胎期左室致密化過程失敗,繼而引起NVM。而類似的基因突變也存在于擴張型心肌病中,因此這可以解釋為何這兩種心肌病臨床表現(xiàn)如此相似[10]。 NVM與神經(jīng)肌肉疾病密切相關(guān),最顯著的報道發(fā)現(xiàn)82%的NVM患者合并有神經(jīng)肌肉疾病[14]。NVM與多種神經(jīng)肌肉疾病有關(guān),其中線粒體疾病和Bath綜合征最為常見。目前國內(nèi)尚未見NVM合并神經(jīng)肌肉疾病的報道。 3 病理改變 NVM的病理特點是,主要累及左室的異常粗大數(shù)目眾多的肌小梁向心室內(nèi)突起和深陷交錯的小梁間隱窩[4]。NVM常合并各種心臟畸形,尤其見于嬰幼兒和兒童患者。 大體標(biāo)本可見心臟增大,冠狀動脈正常,受累部位呈現(xiàn)兩層結(jié)構(gòu),外層由致密化心肌組成,為心外膜帶;內(nèi)層由非致密化心肌組成,為內(nèi)膜帶。表現(xiàn)為數(shù)目眾多突出于心室腔肌小梁和深陷的小梁隱窩,小梁隱窩常深達(dá)心室壁的外1/3,并與心室腔相交通,不與冠脈循環(huán)相交通。受累心肌分布不均勻,往往呈現(xiàn)局限性,常累及左心室心尖部、側(cè)壁或下壁,累及室間隔極為少見。少數(shù)累及右心室,個別文獻(xiàn)報道可累及雙心室。在肌小梁形成的隱窩內(nèi)可見左室附壁血栓形成。在組織學(xué)上心內(nèi)膜形成了海綿狀外觀,心內(nèi)膜下纖維組織、膠原纖維組織增生明顯,可見心肌組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞、纖維化、斑痕形成以及退行性改變,有時可見到炎性細(xì)胞浸潤。 4 臨床表現(xiàn) NVM臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,其臨床表現(xiàn)為心力衰竭、心律失常及體循環(huán)栓塞三大臨床特點,其他還有猝死、特殊面容、發(fā)紺、生長受限等。查體心臟擴大,心臟聽診常可發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟雜音。 4.1 心力衰竭 心力衰竭是NVM患者就診的主要原因,國外報道發(fā)生率為30%~73%[5]。國內(nèi)約有77.27%的患者左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)小于0.5,存在不同程度心力衰竭表現(xiàn)的患者為66.2%[7]。約10%患者無明顯癥狀,在體檢中發(fā)現(xiàn)[8]。 4.2 心律失常與心電圖改變 心電圖異常發(fā)生率非常高,國外報道在88%~94%[5]。國內(nèi)為87.32%[7],其中以室性心律失常、束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯、心房顫動最多見,其他心電圖異常有心房撲動、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯、異常Q波、R波遞增不良等。另外有45.16%的患者存在STT改變。王嘯瀾等[12]報道1例NVM患者心電圖多次出現(xiàn)Niagara瀑布樣T波改變[12],其特異性表現(xiàn)為:①T波巨大倒置,非對稱性;②倒置T波在V3~V5導(dǎo)聯(lián)大于1 mV,aVR、V1為寬而直立的T波;③T波寬大畸形,前肢與ST段融合,T波后肢與隱匿、倒置的U波融合,T波開口及頂部增寬,最低(高)點圓鈍;④不伴ST段偏移及病理性Q波;⑤QT間期顯著延長(0.68 s)。該種形態(tài)特異的巨大倒置T波,酷似美國與加拿大國界上的Niagara瀑布,故稱為Niagara瀑布樣T波。國外有報道NVM可伴有預(yù)激綜合征,但國內(nèi)尚未見報道。 4.3 血栓栓塞 既往報道血栓栓塞發(fā)生率較高,達(dá)21%~37.5%[4,13]。國內(nèi)71例患者體循環(huán)發(fā)生率僅為8.45%。閆朝武等[8]報道31例患者,左室附壁血栓的發(fā)生率為9.6%,其中僅1例有明確的腦栓塞史。Stollberger研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在排除了左室功能不全、房顫等因素后,單純左室致密化不全因素并不增加外周動脈栓塞的危險[14]。以上研究提示NVM并不是栓塞發(fā)生的獨立危險因素,只有當(dāng)NVM合并其他栓塞危險因素(如房顫、心力衰竭等)才需要抗凝治療。 5 診斷與鑒別診斷 NVM診斷需根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)和心電圖改變,超聲心動圖(UCG)可特異性的顯示心肌結(jié)構(gòu)特點,是首選的影像學(xué)檢查。必要時可行經(jīng)食道UCG或心肌聲學(xué)造影檢查。磁共振成像(MRI)對NVM診斷有較好的敏感性(86%)和特異性(99%),可用于UCG診斷不明確的情況。其他檢查手段如CT、心室造影等也能為診斷提供幫助。 5.1 UCG診斷NVM標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 目前對于左室NVM至少有3種不同的超聲診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 5.1.1 2006年Jenni等診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[15]:①不合并存在其他的心臟畸形(孤立性心肌致密化不全);②可見到典型的兩層不同的心肌結(jié)構(gòu),外層(致密化心?。┹^薄,內(nèi)層(非致密化心?。┹^厚,其間可見深陷隱窩,心室收縮末期內(nèi)層非致密化心肌厚度與外層致密化心肌厚度比值大于2;③病變區(qū)域主要位于心尖部(>80%)、側(cè)壁和下壁;④彩色多普勒可測及深陷隱窩之間有血流灌注并與心腔相通,而不與冠脈循環(huán)相通。目前此項標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用最廣泛。 5.1.2 Chin等診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:采用左心室不同水平的肌小梁基底部至心外膜的間距與肌小梁頂部至心外膜的間距之比值做定量分析,由于分析方法復(fù)雜,未能在臨床上運用。 5.1.3 Stollberger等診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[16]:從心尖水平到乳頭肌水平,如有1個平面可以見到大于3個粗大的肌小梁不與乳頭肌相延續(xù),且周圍存在充滿血流的小梁間隙,便可診斷NVM。 5.2 MRI對NVM的診斷價值 目前為止NVM還沒有公認(rèn)的心臟MRI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。心臟MRI診斷主要參考UCG的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),國內(nèi)學(xué)者認(rèn)為在收縮末期心臟MRI不利于觀察非致密化心肌,選擇左室舒張末期進(jìn)行測量[8,17]。其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為舒張期左室心肌非致密化層/致密層(N/C)≥2,結(jié)合室間隔基底段幾乎不受心肌非致密化侵害的這一特點,測量室間隔基底段厚度,將殘存致密化心肌厚度與室間隔基底段厚度進(jìn)行比較(C/VS),其比值為0.43±0.11(0.27~0.69)。N/C與C/VS兩數(shù)值間的負(fù)相關(guān)性良好。但目前還難以確定C/VS比值的可靠性與有效值,認(rèn)為N/C與C/VS相結(jié)合共同分析受累心肌節(jié)段可能比目前單用其一要更合理,另外,心肌MRI很容易檢測出隱藏在肌小梁中的血栓、室壁疤痕等。 5.3 NVM的鑒別診斷 在部分正常成人中有不同程度的左室肌小梁粗大現(xiàn)象。其他心肌病中,肥厚型心肌病合并左室粗大肌小梁多見,擴張型心肌病及高血壓性心肌病次之,因此有必要加以鑒別。其鑒別要點在于嚴(yán)格遵循診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),NVM收縮期(UCG標(biāo)準(zhǔn))或舒張期(MRI標(biāo)準(zhǔn))N/C≥2,其他種種原因造成的左室肌小梁粗大都不會達(dá)到此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 6 治療與預(yù)后 目前對NVM沒有特殊治療,類似擴張型心肌病那樣主要針對心力衰竭、心律失常的治療,對存在房顫、心力衰竭及其他血栓形成風(fēng)險時需預(yù)防性抗凝治療。心律失常是導(dǎo)致猝死的重要原因,常需抗心律失常藥物治療,也可考慮使用植入式心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)除顫器(ICD)。心力衰竭存在心室不同步收縮時可行心室再同步起搏(CRT)治療,也可植入具有雙心室起搏兼ICD功能的CRTD。在終末期,需行心臟移植。 既往病例報道顯示NVM預(yù)后較差,約38%~59%的患者死亡或行心臟移植[4,13],死亡原因以猝死、心力衰竭最常見。近年來的研究報告顯示,NVM預(yù)后可能比以前預(yù)計要好。【參考文獻(xiàn)】 [1] Richardson P,Mckenna W,Bristow M,et al.Report of the 1995 World Heath Organization/International Society and Federation of cardiology task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies[J].Circulation,1996,93(5):841842.[2] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病學(xué)分會,中華心血管病雜志編輯委員會,中國心肌病診斷與治療建議工作組.心肌病診斷與治療建議[J].中華心血管病雜志,2007,35(1):5.[3] Eenberding R,Bender F.Identification of a rare congenital anomaly of the myocardium by twodimensional echocardiography:persistence of isolated myocardial sinusoids[J].Am J Cardiol,1984,53:17331734.[4] Chin TK,Perloff JK,Williams RG,et al.Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium.A study of eight cases[J].Circulation,1990,82(2):507513.[5] Weiford BC,Subbarao VD,Mulhern KM.Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium[J].Circulation,2007,109(24):29652971.[6] Nugent AW,Daubeney PE,Chondros P,et al.The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia[J].N Engl J Med,2003,348(17):16391646.[7] 樂偉波.心肌致密化不全研究進(jìn)展[J].心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展,2007,28(3):432435.[8] 閆朝武,趙世華,陸敏杰,等.左室肌致密化不全的臨床特征和磁共振成像表現(xiàn)[J].中華心血管病雜志,2006,34(12):10811084.[9] 瘳玉華.從心肌病病因?qū)W研究走向臨床診斷與治療實踐[J].中華心血管病雜志,2007,35(1):12.[10] Vatta M,Mohapatra B,Jimenez S,et al.Mutations in Cypher/ZASP in patiens with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular noncompaction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,42:20142027.[11] Stollberger C,Finsterer J,Blazek G.Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and association with additional cardiac abnormalities and neuromuscular disorders[J].Am J Cardiol,2002,90(8):899902.[12] 王嘯瀾,王劍瀾,鄭哲嵐.心肌致密化不全伴Niagara瀑布樣T波一例[J].中華心血管病雜志,2005,33(9):854855.[13] Oechslin EN,Attenhofer Jost CH,Rojas JR,et al.Longterm followup of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction:A distiner cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis [J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2000,36(2):493500.[14] Stollberger C,Finsterer J.Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncomPaction and stroker or embolism[J].Cardiology,2005,103:6872.[15] Jenni R,Oechslin E,van der Loo B.Isolated ventricular noncompaction of th myocardium in adults[J/OL].Heart,2006,May 2[Epub ahead of print][16] Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/nonocompaction[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2004,17(1):91100.[17] 苗翠蓮,張兆琪,郭曦,等.孤立性心肌致密化不全的MRI診斷[J].中華放射學(xué)雜志,2005,39(5):588592.
室性早搏是常見的心律失常之一。可見于正常人和患有心臟疾病的患者。其處理原則是:1、無器質(zhì)性心臟病,且無心悸等癥狀不需要藥物治療;2、無器質(zhì)性心臟病,但有癥狀可服用藥物治療;3、有器質(zhì)性心臟病,無論有無癥狀均需藥物治療。(器質(zhì)性心臟病常見有:冠心病、高血壓性心臟病、心肌病、風(fēng)心病等)
CoexistentMitralStenosisandleftCircumflexCoronaryArterytoleftAtrialFistulainaPatientwithSeverePulmonaryHypertensionYamingShi,MD;YongzhongZong,MDDOI:10.21470/1678-9741-2019-02971DepartmentofCardiology,TheThirdPeople’sHospitalofYancheng,Jiangsu,Yancheng,China.2YanchengThirdPeople'sHospital,Yancheng,China.ThisstudywascarriedoutattheDepartmentofCardiology,TheThirdPeople’sHospitalofYancheng,Jiangsu,Yancheng,China.AbstractCoronaryarterytoleftatrialfistulaisrareinpatientswithmitralstenosis.Wereportaninterestingcaseofapatientwithconcomitantmitralvalvestenosisandcoronaryfistulae,originatingfromtheleftcircumflexarteryanddrainedintotheleftatriumwithtwoterminalorifices.Keywords:MitralValveStenosis.AtrialFibrilation.CoronarySinus.Fistula.HeartAtria.CorrespondenceAddress:YamingShihttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6508-0177Departmentofcardiology,TheThirdPeople’sHospitalofYancheng,Jiangsu,Yancheng,China.Zipcode:224001E-mail:2548305818@qq.comArticlereceivedonJune12th,2019.ArticleacceptedonOctober17th,2019.INTRODUCTIONRheumaticheartdiseaseisstillcommonindevelopingcountries.Mitralstenosispreventsleftatrialemptying,increasesleftatrialandpulmonaryvenouspressure.Thepulmonaryarteriolesmayreactwithvasoconstriction,intimalhyperplasia,andmedialhypertrophy,oftenresultinginpulmonaryarterialhypertension[1].Acoronaryarteryfistulaisdefinedasanabnormalcommunicationbetweenanormallyoriginatingcoronaryarteryandanothercardiacvascularstructure.Theincidenceofcoronaryarteryfistulaisestimatedtobelessthan0.1%ofpatientsundergoingdiagnosticcoronaryangiography[2].Coronaryarterytoleftatrialfistulaisrareinpatientswithmitralstenosis.Wepresentaninterestingcaseinwhichthefistulaeoriginatedfromtheleftcircumflexarteryanddrainedintotheleftatriumwithtwoterminalorifices.CASEREPORTA57-year-oldmanwasadmittedtothecardiologyclinicwitha20-yearhistoryofgraduallyincreasingbreathlessnessonexertionand,intheprevious10days,orthopnoeaandparoxysmalnocturnaldyspnoea.Physicalexaminationfoundirregularpulsewithdiastolicrumblingmurmur.Theelectrocardiogramrevealedatrialfibrillationwithaventricularrateof120beats/minandaccompanyingTwaveabnormalitiesandminimalSTdepressionininferiorderivations.Chestradiographrevealeddoubleshadowontherightcardiacsilhouetteandprominentpulmonarytrunkwithincreasedvascularmarkings.Transthoracicechocardiographyrevealedamitralstenosiswithamitralareaof0.7cm2,ejectionfractionof68%,andnormalsegmentalwallmotion,mildaorticregurgitation,severepulmonaryhypertensionandmoderateleftatrialenlargement.SeverepulmonaryhypertensionwasconfirmedbyDoppler(pulmonaryarterialpressure=106.8mmHg).Thepatientreceived20mgfurosemide,40mgspironolactone,0.125mgdigoxinandlowmolecularweightheparinbysubcutaneousinjection.Withthereliefofdyspnea,coronaryangiographywasperformedforpreoperativeevaluationofmitralvalvereplacement.Rightanteriorobliquecaudalviewshowedcoronaryarteryfistulaebetweentheleftcircumflexarteryandtheleftatrium.Onelargefistulaoriginatedfromthefirstobtusemarginalbranchandthesecondobtusemarginalbranch,andanotherfistulaoriginatedfromthethirdbranchofthesecondobtusemarginalbranch(Figure1).Anteroposteriorobliqueprojectionoftheleftcoronaryangiogramrevealedthecoronaryarteryfistulaedrainedintotheleftatriumwithtwoterminalorifices(Figure2andVideo1).Thefistulaewerehemodynamicallysignificant,andclosurewasindicated.Intheoperation,utilizingcardiopulmonarybypass,themitral266BrazilianJournalofCardiovascularSurgeryShiY&ZongY-CoexistentMSandCAFinaPatientwithPAHBrazJCardiovascSurg2021;36(2):265-7Fig.3–At3monthspostoperatively,theclosureofthefistulaewasconfirmedby128-slicecomputedtomographyFig.1–Rightanteriorobliquecaudalviewshowingthefistulaeoriginatingfromtheleftcircumflexartery.Fig.2–Antero-posteriorobliqueprojectionofleftcoronaryangiogramrevealedcoronaryarteryfistulaedrainedintotheleftatriumwithtwoterminalorifices.valvewasreplacedbya27-mmATSOpenPivotBileafletHeartValve(ATSMedicalInc.,Minneapolis,MN).Atthetimeofmitralvalvereplacement,thefistulaeweresuccessfullyligatedthroughnotonlyleftatriumbutalsotheleftcircumflexcoronaries’side.Postoperatively,thepatientmadeanuncomplicatedrecovery.At3monthspostoperatively,thetransthoracicechocardiographywasperformed,whichrevealedpulmonaryarterialpressureof62mmHg,andtheclosureofthefistulaewasconfirmedby128-slicecomputedtomography(Figure3).Coronaryarteryfistulaisarareanomalyconnectingcoronaryarteriestocardiacchambersorgreatvessels,whicharerarelydetectedduringroutineangiographicevaluation.Thefrequencyofcongenitalcoronaryfistulasisreportedatapproximately0.1%[2].Mitralisthmusablation,whichisanimportantcomponentofcatheterablationforpersistentatrialfibrillationandmitralisthmus-dependentflutters,becomeoneofthereasonstocauseafistulabetweentheleftcircumflexarteryandtheleftatrium[3].Themainsitesoforiginaretherightcoronaryartery(55%),theleftcoronaryarterysystem(35%),andbothcoronaryarteries(5%).Themainterminationsitesarerightventricle(40%),rightatrium(26%),andpulmonaryarteries(17%).Lessfrequently,theymaydrainintothesuperiorvenacavaorcoronarysinusandlessfrequentlyintotheleftatriumorleftventricle[2,4].Althoughasimilarfistulaisreportedwithoneentrancedrainingintotheleftatriumintheliterature[5],toourbestknowledge,thisisthefirstcaseofthecircumflextoleftatriumfistulaewithtwoterminalorifices.Althoughasymptomaticinthevastmajority,coronaryarteryfistulamaycausechronicmyocardialischemiaandangina,congestiveheartfailure,myocardialinfarction,pulmonaryVideo1267BrazilianJournalofCardiovascularSurgeryShiY&ZongY-CoexistentMSandCAFinaPatientwithPAHBrazJCardiovascSurg2021;36(2):265-7hypertension,rhythmdisturbances,subacutebacterialendocarditis,thromboembolism,rarelyaneurysmalsegmentrupture,andsuddendeath[6].Smallfistulausuallydoesnotcausehemodynamicimpairment.However,highvolumeshuntsvialeftcircumflexcoronaryarterytotheleftatriummayresultinincreasingvolumeloadoftheleftatriumandpulmonaryarterialhypertension.Inourreportedcases,coronaryfistulaeandmitralstenosisappearedtogethermayjustbeacoincidence,andpulmonaryarterialhypertensionmaybeduetothechronicleftatrialvolumeoverloadcausedbycongenitalcoronary-leftatrialfistulaeandmitralvalvestenosis.Thebestwaytomanagecoronarycameralfistulaeisnotwellknownduetotherarityofthecondition.Surgicalrepairofcoronaryarteryfistulaeissafeandeffective,withlowrisksandfavorablelateoutcomes[7],asdescribedinthiscase.Authors'roles&responsibilitiesSubstantialcontributionstotheconceptionordesignofthework;ortheacquisition,analysis,orinterpretationofdataforthework;draftingtheworkorrevisingitcriticallyforimportantintellectualcontent;finalapprovaloftheversiontobepublished。Nofinancialsupport.Noconflictofinterest.REFERENCES1.MagantiK,RigolinVH,SaranoME,BonowRO.Valvularheartdisease:diagnosisandmanagement.MayoClinProc.2010;85(5):483–500.doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0706.2.VavuranakisM,BushCA,BoudoulasH.Coronaryarteryfistulasinadults:incidence,angiographiccharacteristics,naturalhistory.CathetCardiovascDiagn.1995;35(2):116–20.doi:10.1002/ccd.1810350207.3.HsiehCH,O'ConnorS,RossDL.Circumflexcoronaryarterytoleftatriumfistulacausedbymitralisthmusablation.HeartLungCirc.2014;23(7):689-92.doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2014.03.011.4.HoHH,CheungCW,JimMH,LamL.Imagesincardiology:coronary-cameralfistula.Heart.2005;91(12):1540.doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.064287.5.ChirichilliI,FratiG,MuzziL,PuglieseG,RicciM,SantoC.Coronaryarteryleftatrialfistula:displayedby64-slicecomputedtomography.TexHeartInstJ.2011;38(1):90-1.6.BrooksCH,BatesPD.Coronaryartery-leftventricularfistulawithanginapectoris.AmHeartJ.1983;106(2):404–6.doi:10.1016/0002-8703(83)90212-0.7.HouB,MaWG,ZhangJ,DuM,SunHS,XuJP,etal.Surgicalmanagementofleftcircumflexcoronaryarteryfistula:a25-yearsingle-centerexperiencein29patients.AnnThoracSurg.2014;97(2):530-6.doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.09.015.
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