乳腺浸潤性大汗腺癌ER、PR和HER2免疫組化表達研究
陳金璋1,張繼平2,殷憲剛3,李國霞4,徐流河5,楊艷麗6,趙澄泉7,任興昌8,薛德彬9【作者單位】1.安徽省界首市人民醫(yī)院病理科,236500;2.河南省焦作市中醫(yī)院病理科,454000;3.浙江省寧波市婦兒醫(yī)院病理科,315016;4.上海市松江區(qū)中心醫(yī)院病理科,201600;5. 河南省開封市中醫(yī)院病理科,475100;6. 浙江大學附屬第二醫(yī)院病理科,310058;7.Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center;8.浙江省杭州市中醫(yī)院病理科,310006;9.福建省莆田市附屬醫(yī)院病理科,351100 (通信作者)【作者簡介】陳金璋(出生年-),男,副主任醫(yī)師.【摘要】目的:檢測乳腺浸潤性大汗腺癌的雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)和人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)免疫組織化學表達情況,探討其臨床病理意義。方法:回顧性分析滿足組織學診斷標準的33例乳腺大汗腺癌的存檔蠟塊HE切片、光鏡觀察,免疫組織化學檢測ER、PR和HER2表達情況。結(jié)果:病例均為女性,年齡35~86歲,臨床表現(xiàn)均為發(fā)現(xiàn)乳房腫塊和(或)影像學篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)腫塊,其中1例伴乳頭溢血。腫瘤最大徑0.5~8.0 cm。15例伴原位癌,10例伴腋淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移癌,9例伴脈管內(nèi)癌栓,1例累及乳頭和基底,12例浸潤皮膚真皮。所有病例用免疫組織化學法檢測ER/PR/HER2表達,進行初步分子分型,其中18例為三陰(TN)型,11例為HER2型,4例歸入其他類型。結(jié)論:乳腺大汗腺癌具有獨特的形態(tài)學特征和免疫組織化學表達模式,分子分型多為TN型和HER2型。已往文獻認為,乳腺浸潤性大汗腺癌不是獨特的病變實體,預后與相同分期的乳腺浸潤性導管癌預后相似,而最近研究表明此癌具有獨特的分子特征和分子分型,其發(fā)病機制可能與AR受體代謝異常有關(guān)。【關(guān)鍵詞】乳腺;浸潤性大汗腺癌;激素受體;人表皮生長因子受體2;免疫組織化學Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression in Invasive Apocrine Carcinomas of the BreastCHEN Jin-zhang1, ZHANG Ji-ping2, YIN Xian-gang3, LI Guo-xia4, XU Liu-he5, YANG Yan-li6,ZHAO Chen-quan7, REN Xing-chang8, XUE De-bin91 Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Jieshou City, Anhui Province, Jieshou 236500, 2 Department of Pathology, TCM Hospital of Jaozuo City, Henan Province, Jaozuo 454000, 3 Department of Pathology, Wemen and Children’s Hospital of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315016, 4 Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Songjiang District of Shanghai City, Shanghai 201600, 5 Department of Pathology, TCM Hospital of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475100, 6 Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, 7 Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA, 8 Department of Pathology, TCM Hospital of Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006 9 Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of PuTian University, Fujian Province, Putian 351100 (Corresponding Author)【Abstract】 Objective To determine estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression by immunohistochemistry in invasive apocrine carcinomas (IACs), and to analyze the clinico-pathological significance. Methods 33 cases of IACs which contented histological diagnostic criteria was collected by retrospective analysis. Their HE sections and clincal data were reviewed. ER, PR and HER2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results All patients were female, aged from 35 to 86 years old. Breast lumps were discovered by physical exmaninatiion and/or radiological screening, and nipple haemorrhagia was found in one case. The tumor size was from 0.5 to 8cm in maximum diameter. Carcinoma in situ was found additionally in 15 patients, axillary lymph node metastases in 10 cases, vascular thrombosis in 9 case, and the nipple and base was positive for cancer in one case, and the skin was involved in 12 cases. ER/PR/HER2 expression was detected immunohistochemically in all cases for molecular typing. For that 18 cases of TN type, 11 cases of HER2 type, and 4 cases of other types was classed. Conclusions IACs showed unique morphological features and immunohistochemical expression patterns. For molecular typing, most of them were classed into TN type and HER2 type. Previous literature suggested that IACs were not a unique pathological entity compared with the invassive ductal carcinomas, NOS with same prognosis. But recent studies indicated that the cancer has unique molecular characteristics and molecular typing, the carcinogenesis may be related to metabolic abnormalities in androgen receptor (AR) receptor.【Keywords】 Breast, Invasive apocrine carcinomas, Hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Immunohistochemistry乳腺浸潤性大汗腺癌(invasive apocrine carcinoma, IAC)為乳腺癌的一種少見特殊亞型,于1916年由Krompecher等[1]最先報道。IAC發(fā)生率從<1%~4%(差異較大,主要因為診斷標準不一致)[2]。IAC的定義和準確分類缺乏可重復性并且持續(xù)存在爭議,迄今IAC仍無廣泛接受的組織學和分子學指標用于指導診斷,因此無法確定其真正的臨床意義。本研究搜集IAC 33例,觀察其組織學特征與雌激素受體(ER)、孕激素受體(PR)和人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)免疫組織化學表達情況,探討其臨床病理意義,并復習文獻,以提高對IAC的認識。1資料與方法1.材料來源 回顧本院病理科近3年所有乳腺癌病例的常規(guī)病理切片,篩選細胞學特征具有豐富嗜酸性顆粒性胞質(zhì)的病例,根據(jù)文獻診斷標準[3],選擇乳腺“純”浸潤性大汗腺癌("pure" invasive apocrine carcinoma, PIAC)納入研究。均由2位富有診斷經(jīng)驗的乳腺病理學專家確診或會診,均有典型免疫組織化學表達。1.2方法 獲取存檔蠟塊,重新制作蘇木精-伊紅(HE)切片和免疫組織化學染色。根據(jù)文獻[3]中的3條診斷標準:(1)HE染色切片內(nèi)>90%的癌細胞顯示大汗腺細胞學特征;(2)巨囊性病液體蛋白15(GCDFP-15)陽性數(shù)>50%;(3)雄激素受體(AR)陽性數(shù)>20%,將同時符合上述標準的病例納入研究。商用免疫組織化學試劑盒,一抗包括ER、PR、HER2、AR和GCDFP-15。分析腫瘤的臨床病理特征、形態(tài)學表現(xiàn)、免疫組織化學表達和分子分型。2結(jié)果2.1臨床病理特征 本組病例中,PIAC占所有乳腺癌病例數(shù)的2.02%?;颊呔鶠榕?,年齡35~86歲。臨床表現(xiàn)均為發(fā)現(xiàn)乳房腫塊,其中4例通過乳腺影像學篩查而檢出。均為單側(cè)發(fā)生,其中左側(cè)16例,右側(cè)17例。25例位于外上象限,7例位于內(nèi)上象限,1例位于乳頭乳暈部位。其中1例伴乳頭溢血,細胞學涂片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑癌細胞。腫瘤最大徑0.5~8.0 cm。其中4例通過粗針穿刺活檢診斷,26例腫塊切除活檢診斷。2.2形態(tài)學特征 大體檢查,IAC與浸潤性導管癌并無明顯不同,均表現(xiàn)為浸潤性質(zhì)硬腫塊。伴原位癌者可有壞死。鏡下,IAC與非特殊型浸潤性導管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma, not other specified, IDC NOS)具有相同的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,區(qū)別僅為細胞學表現(xiàn)不同。細胞特征為豐富的嗜酸性顆粒狀胞質(zhì),細胞核可呈低、中或高級別,細胞核通常較大,常有1個或多個顯著的嗜酸性大核仁。大汗腺型導管原位癌(apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ, ADCIS)具有上述相同細胞學特征,腫瘤細胞排列成實性、篩狀或微乳頭狀,可見壞死(點狀或粉刺狀),受累的管腔內(nèi)可見鈣化。常有1個或多個明顯的核仁。本組病例中,15例伴原位癌,10例伴腋淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移癌,9例伴脈管內(nèi)癌栓,1例累及乳頭和基底,12例浸潤皮膚真皮。2.3免疫組織化學 用免疫組織化學法檢測ER/PR/HER2進行初步分子分型,ER/PR陰性且HER2免疫組織化學為2+者再用熒光原位雜交(fluorescence in situ hybridisation,F(xiàn)ISH)檢測有無HER2基因擴增,無基因擴增者納入三陰(triple negative, TN)型,否則為HER2型。其中18例為TN型,11例為HER2型,4例歸入其他類型。2.4分期、臨床治療和隨訪 I期11例采取腫塊擴大切除術(shù)+放療,II期18例行乳房切除術(shù)+腋淋巴結(jié)清掃+放療+化療,晚期(III期3例和IV期1例)1例行新輔助化療后改良根治術(shù)+腋淋巴結(jié)清掃+放療+化療,另3名IV期患者采用放化療。隨訪9~40個月,平均35.8個月。1例III期患者術(shù)后7個月死于全身多處轉(zhuǎn)移,4例術(shù)后皮膚復發(fā)(分別為術(shù)后19、24、28和36個月),其余病例均無病存活。3討論曾經(jīng)認為,幾乎各種類型與組織級別的乳腺癌都可顯示大汗腺分化,包括普通型浸潤性導管癌、小管癌、髓樣癌、乳頭狀癌、微乳頭狀癌、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌以及經(jīng)典型和多形型浸潤性小葉癌等,因此,識別大汗腺癌僅有學術(shù)價值,并無重要的臨床意義[4]。并且,大汗腺癌的預后取決于傳統(tǒng)預后因素(組織學分級、腫瘤大小和淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)等),預后與相同分期的非大汗腺癌相似。一些學者[2]認為,大汗腺分化應作為病變的描述性特征,似無重要的預后和治療意義。然而,由于診斷標準不一致,上述研究結(jié)果可能有爭議。如果嚴格規(guī)定大汗腺癌的診斷標準[3],PIAC可能具有獨特的臨床病理特征。Japaze等[5]最近定義了PIAC的組織病理學診斷標準,屬于大汗腺腫瘤的中間群,成為一種獨特的臨床病理實體。PIAC比高級別非特殊型浸潤性導管癌(IDC-NOS)的侵襲性弱。大汗腺癌的免疫組織化學表達譜具有相對特異性。大汗腺癌多為TN型[6],并且HER-2蛋白過表達率也大于非特殊型浸潤性導管癌。HER-2蛋白表達率54%;HER-2基因擴增率52% [7],我們的結(jié)果與之相似:TN占54.5%,HER-2蛋白表達率57.6%。新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種“大汗腺分子(molecular apocrine,MA)”亞型。最初的分子分型(Stanford分類)[8]及其修訂[9]包括5種亞型:管腔A型、管腔B型、基底樣型、正常導管型和HER2型。然而這一分類并非詳盡無遺,F(xiàn)armer等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)另一亞型,其特征為雄激素信號通路上調(diào)和表達大汗腺標志物,稱為MA型,它們并不表現(xiàn)為經(jīng)典型大汗腺癌的所有組織學特征。MA型腫瘤與HER2型腫瘤具有部分共同特征,也具有基底樣型的部分特征[10],具有形態(tài)學異質(zhì)性。MA型與大汗腺癌之間的聯(lián)系,MA型是否具有相應的臨床病理特征和預后意義,是否可能選擇用于靶向治療,值得進一步研究。乳腺IAC中的AR表達率較高,文獻[11]報道其表達率高達56–100%,而在浸潤性導管癌僅為62%或22%,并且AR陽性的乳腺癌多為ER陰性(典型的乳腺浸潤性大汗腺癌表現(xiàn)為ER-/PR-/AR+)。較多證據(jù)[12]表明,AR信號通路在乳腺癌發(fā)生中具有與ER無關(guān)的重要作用。體外研究[12]表明,雄激素抑制劑可通過AR抑制ER陰性的乳腺癌細胞生長,但癌細胞表達ER時卻刺激其生長。因此,雄激素類藥物的作用可能依賴于激素受體狀態(tài),ER/PR陰性的乳腺癌并非真的對激素治療“不敏感”,因而可能開發(fā)出基于雄激素的激素治療新方法[12]??傊?,由于目前對大汗腺乳腺癌缺乏統(tǒng)一的組織學和分子標準,其準確分類和定義缺乏可重復性并持續(xù)爭議,仍無法確定其真實的臨床意義。正如Zagorianakou[13]所言:“大汗腺癌目前仍然是一個謎”,今后收集大宗病例進行多中心長期隨訪結(jié)合分子學研究,有可能解開這個謎,并可能發(fā)現(xiàn)新的治療途徑。參考文獻[1] Krompecher E. 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