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陶可主治醫(yī)師 北京大學人民醫(yī)院 骨關節(jié)科 股骨頭壞死:基礎知識2019年(致每一位曾經或正在遭受股骨頭壞死折磨的病患,都需要了解的科學知識)作者:MichelleJLespasio,NipunSodhi,MichaelAMont.作者單位:DepartmentofOrthopedicSurgery,BostonMedicalCenter,MA.譯者:陶可(北京大學人民醫(yī)院骨關節(jié)科)摘要在本報告中,我們對骨股骨頭壞死進行了簡明且最新的回顧,股骨頭骨壞死是一種病理性、疼痛性且常常致殘的疾病,據(jù)報道是由于受影響的骨骼區(qū)域的血液供應暫時或永久中斷造成的。我們將討論髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的流行病學(疾病分布)、發(fā)病機制(發(fā)展機制)、病因(相關危險因素、原因和疾病)、臨床表現(xiàn)(報告的癥狀和查體結果)、診斷和分類以及治療方案。ConnectionsEveryactivityofthelivingorganismisconnectedwithaseparatepartofthebodywhenceitarises.Therefore,anactivityisnecessarilydamagedwhenthepartwhichproducesitisaffected.—GalenofPergamon,130AD-210AD,prominentGreekphysician,surgeon,andphilosopherintheRomanEmpire生物體的每項活動都與其產生該活動的身體的一個單獨部分相關。因此,當產生某項活動的部分受到影響時,該活動必然會受到損害?!寮用傻纳w倫,公元130年至公元210年,羅馬帝國著名的希臘內科醫(yī)生、外科醫(yī)生和哲學家Figure1Left,radiographofahealthyhipjoint.Right,radiographofahipjointwheretheosteonecrosishasprogressedtocollapseofthefemoralhead.圖1左圖是健康髖關節(jié)的X線片;右圖是髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死已發(fā)展到塌陷階段的X線片。Figure2ProgressionofosteonecrosisusingtheFicat&Arletclassificationsystem.Osteonecrosiscanprogressfromanormal,healthyhip(StageI)tothecollapseofthefemoralhead(StageIV).?圖2使用Ficat和Arlet分類系統(tǒng)的股骨頭骨壞死進展情況。股骨頭骨壞死可以從正常、健康的髖關節(jié)(第一階段)發(fā)展到股骨頭塌陷(并骨關節(jié)炎)(第四階段)。介紹本文的目的是介紹影響股骨頭或髖關節(jié)的骨壞死(ON)的最新情況,以及如何在成年人群中最好地治療該病。具體來說,本報告將涵蓋髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)的流行病學、發(fā)病機制、病因、臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷和分類以及治療方案。股骨頭壞死(ON),也稱為缺血性壞死、無菌性壞死或缺血性骨壞死,與許多導致成熟骨細胞死亡的疾病和危險因素有關,從而導致骨破壞(例如塌陷)或終末期髖關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎。這種情況可能發(fā)生在身體的任何骨骼(例如上肢、膝關節(jié)、肩關節(jié)和腳踝關節(jié)),或者在不同時間發(fā)生在超過1處骨骼,但最常見的是影響髖關節(jié)。當最初在髖關節(jié)以外的區(qū)域進行診斷時,應同時對髖關節(jié)進行臨床評估以及放射線和其他影像學研究。股骨頭壞死(ON)的原因分為外傷性(與損傷相關)或非外傷性(與損傷無關)。準確診斷和分類股骨頭壞死(ON)對于幫助指導治療選擇非常重要。識別相關風險因素和患者教育對于成功治療股骨頭壞死(ON)非常重要。針對相關危險因素、藥物管理和/或手術,包括關節(jié)保留手術和全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA),在股骨頭壞死(ON)患者的臨床管理中也發(fā)揮著重要作用。髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死的流行病學盡管股骨頭壞死(ON)的確切患病率尚不清楚,但據(jù)估計,美國每年有20,000至30,000名新診斷患者。在美國,約10%的THA患者的診斷是股骨頭壞死(ON)。股骨頭壞死(ON)影響所有年齡段的人,但最常見于30至65歲之間的患者。診斷時的平均年齡通常小于50歲。男女比例因相關合并癥而異。例如,與酒精相關的股骨頭壞死(ON)是在男性中更常見,而與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)相關的股骨頭壞死(ON)是在女性中更常見。每年有超過20,000人因髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死需要住院治療。在許多病例中,雙側髖關節(jié)都受到影響。通常,股骨頭壞死(ON)會影響股骨頭及頸部(近端骨骺)。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的發(fā)病機制/假說髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)生的機制仍不清楚。在大多數(shù)情況下,股骨頭壞死(ON)被認為是遺傳傾向、代謝因素和影響血液供應的局部因素(包括血管損傷、骨內壓升高和機械應力)綜合作用的結果。大多數(shù)專家都認為產生干細胞和血小板的股骨頭和骨髓缺乏血液供應,導致骨細胞(成熟骨內的細胞)和/或間充質細胞(形成軟骨、骨和脂肪的干細胞)死亡。結果是死亡組織脫礦質或被新的但較弱的骨組織吸收(小梁變?。?,隨后導致軟骨下骨折和股骨頭塌陷。其他提出的股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)病機制包括由過量糖皮質激素影響骨和靜脈內皮細胞的不利影響引起的血管收縮引起的變化,以及過量糖皮質激素相關的股骨頭壞死(ON)涉及循環(huán)脂質的變化,可能會在供應骨的動脈中引起微栓子。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的病因創(chuàng)傷性和非創(chuàng)傷性因素的結合可直接導致股骨頭骨壞死。在縱向隊列研究和薈萃分析的基礎上,發(fā)現(xiàn)了在股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)展中起明確病因作用的直接危險因素。然而,相關風險因素是與股骨頭壞死(ON)最終進展(直接)相關的大部分因素。股骨頭壞死(ON)的外傷原因股骨頭壞死(ON)的創(chuàng)傷性原因包括股骨頸骨折或脫位以及骨髓成分的直接損傷(例如與放射損傷、氣壓失調或沉箱病相關)。股骨頸骨折或脫位的機制是骨外血管受損,導致髖關節(jié)受影響區(qū)域的血液供應中斷。髖關節(jié)脫位是另一種類型的創(chuàng)傷性損傷,影響約20%的創(chuàng)傷相關股骨頭壞死(ON)患者。沉箱?。ɡ鐫撍疁p壓)會導致氮氣氣泡的形成,從而阻塞小動脈,導致股骨頭壞死(ON)。出現(xiàn)癥狀的患者可能會在經歷此過程數(shù)年后出現(xiàn)髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)。壓力的深度和持續(xù)時間以及暴露的次數(shù)是這種疾病進展的重要因素。股骨頭壞死(ON)的非外傷原因許多研究報告稱,長期使用皮質類固醇激素與股骨頭壞死(ON)的發(fā)生相關,可能與藥物的持續(xù)時間和總劑量直接相關。長期使用高劑量糖皮質激素治療的患者似乎處于發(fā)生股骨頭壞死(ON)的最大風險;然而,這些患者通常有多種其他危險因素。接受長期治療的患者中有9%至40%會發(fā)生糖皮質激素誘發(fā)的股骨頭壞死(ON),而接受短期治療的患者則發(fā)生率要低得多。一項薈萃分析和系統(tǒng)評價發(fā)現(xiàn),近7%的患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死(ON)使用<2g皮質類固醇激素。根據(jù)這項薈萃分析,接受潑尼松劑量低于15mg/d至20mg/d治療的患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死(ON)的風險較低。一項針對98,390名患者的基于人群的研究表明接受單次短期、低劑量甲強龍逐漸減量治療的患者股骨頭壞死(ON)的發(fā)生率為0.13%,而未接受甲強龍逐漸減量治療的患者的股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)生率為0.08%。約31%的股骨頭壞死(ON)患者與飲酒有關。與股骨頭壞死(ON)相關的過量飲酒被認為是由于脂質形成過多和細胞內脂質沉積增加導致骨生成減少所致,導致骨細胞死亡和股骨頭壞死(ON)。高劑量皮質類固醇激素和過量飲酒共同構成了髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)展的最高相關直接危險因素,并且占與創(chuàng)傷無關的病例的80%以上。一項研究比較了112名患有特發(fā)性髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)患者與168名對照者(沒有全身性皮質類固醇激素使用史),與對照者相比,經常飲酒者的風險升高,并且與酒精存在明顯的劑量反應關系。對于當前飲酒量低于400毫升/周、400毫升/周至1000毫升/周和超過1000毫升/周的消費者來說,相對風險分別為3.3、9.8和17.9。股骨頭壞死(ON)在鐮狀細胞病患者中很常見,因為它容易導致紅細胞鐮狀化和骨髓增生。大約50%的受影響患者在35歲時出現(xiàn)股骨頭壞死(ON)。鐮狀細胞血紅蛋白病可直接導致血管阻塞和股骨頭壞死(ON)。據(jù)報道,3%至30%的系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡SLE患者會發(fā)生股骨頭壞死(ON),最危險的是服用糖皮質激素和常規(guī)劑量潑尼松劑量大于20mg/d的患者。據(jù)報道,高達60%的戈謝病(一種遺傳性疾?。┗颊呋加泄晒穷^壞死(ON),因為它能夠直接阻礙血管供應。戈謝病是一種常染色體隱性遺傳代謝疾病,其中一種脂肪(脂質)稱為葡萄糖腦苷脂不能被充分降解。通常情況下,身體會產生一種稱為葡萄糖腦苷脂酶(細胞膜的正常部分)的酶,它會分解并回收葡萄糖腦苷脂。其他不太常見但與股骨頭壞死(ON)明顯相關的患者包括抗磷脂抗體、庫欣病和系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡SLE患者。急性淋巴細胞白血病、慢性粒細胞白血病和急性粒細胞淋巴瘤的發(fā)展,使患者因使用類固醇激素治療這些疾病而面臨更高的股骨頭壞死(ON)風險。胰腺炎(通常與使用皮質類固醇激素有關)、懷孕、化療、吸煙、血管炎、胸膜炎和中樞神經系統(tǒng)因素,例如導致交感神經纖維數(shù)量減少的炎癥反應(如類風濕性關節(jié)炎、克羅恩?。⑾目谱愫脱装Y性腸病),與股骨頭壞死(ON)相關。有一些證據(jù)表明股骨頭壞死(ON)可能具有相關風險因素的遺傳基礎。例如,當過度飲酒是相關風險因素時,男性受到的影響是女性的3倍。然而,當狼瘡或皮質類固醇激素的使用成為相關危險因素時,女性比男性更容易受到影響。系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡SLE在女性中的發(fā)病率大約是男性的9倍。這種易感性增加是可能的,至少部分原因是與激素和性染色體有關的差異。血液透析、高尿酸患者的慢性腎衰竭或終末期腎病、貧血/痛風、HIV感染、高脂血癥、器官移植和血管內凝血也與股骨頭壞死(ON)的發(fā)生有關。盡管存在許多可能的關聯(lián)和聯(lián)系,但估計20%的股骨頭壞死(ON)病例被標記為特發(fā)性或病因不明。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的臨床表現(xiàn)髖關節(jié)疼痛是股骨頭壞死(ON)晚期最常見的癥狀,盡管一小部分患者可能沒有癥狀。腹股溝疼痛是最常見的癥狀,其次是大腿和臀部疼痛。疼痛可能因負重或關節(jié)運動而出現(xiàn)。大約三分之二的股骨頭壞死(ON)患者會出現(xiàn)休息時疼痛,大約三分之一的患者會出現(xiàn)夜間疼痛。身體多個部位的疼痛很少見,表明存在多灶性過程。髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)的體格表現(xiàn)通常是非特異性的,但可能會導致受影響關節(jié)的活動范圍減小、行走疼痛、Trendelenburg征和/或骨摩擦音。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的臨床評估髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)通常通過:1)回顧患者病史,2)獲得適當?shù)姆派鋵W評估,3)確定病情階段,以及4)制定治療方案來解決。在評估患者是否患有股骨頭壞死(ON),問題應針對評估疼痛史、藥物使用(尤其是皮質類固醇)、手術、懷孕、創(chuàng)傷、慢性疾?。ㄓ绕涫晴牋罴毎?、戈謝病、自身免疫性疾病和白血?。?、吸煙和/或飲酒。當詢問受傷/疾病時,重要的是要仔細探討與髖部骨折、脫位或沉箱病相關的傷害,因為沉箱病是非創(chuàng)傷性的。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的診斷和分類在疾病的初始階段診斷髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死對于治療很重要;在初始階段,疾病可能不會進展。大多數(shù)情況下,早期股骨頭壞死(ON)患者一般沒有癥狀,是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的;不幸的是,大多數(shù)患者直到股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)展到后期才前來接受評估。盡管目前還沒有已知的明確治療方法可以永久阻止股骨頭壞死(ON)進展到后期,但目前有一些治療方法用于此目的,例如降脂劑、抗凝劑和雙磷酸鹽。當患者出現(xiàn)癥狀、影像學檢查結果一致、并且其他引起疼痛和骨異常的原因不太可能或已被排除時,就可以準確地做出股骨頭壞死(ON)的診斷。除了臨床和體檢之外,放射線照片和磁共振成像(MRI)掃描等成像技術也用于診斷。首先,進行普通放射線照相評估,然后進行MRI。據(jù)報道,MRI對于檢測早期股骨頭壞死(ON)的特異性和敏感性<99%。MRI圖像還可以通過對異常骨占據(jù)的股骨頭區(qū)域進行數(shù)字化,定量評估病變的大小或受影響骨的受累程度。MRI變化包括T1加權圖像上界限分明且均勻的局灶性病變,具有分隔正常骨和缺血骨的單密度線,以及T2加權圖像上的第二條高強度線(特征性雙線征標志)代表血管豐富的肉芽組織。這種級別的成像細節(jié)非常有用,因為受影響骨骼病變的大小和范圍很重要,可以幫助指導治療。然而,對于終末期疾病,股骨頭壞死(ON)患者可能沒有必要使用MRI,因為此階段的治療選擇可能有限。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)通常使用4個階段的Ficat和Arlet系統(tǒng)進行分類,如此處和表1中所述。X線片可以在腹股溝疼痛等癥狀出現(xiàn)后數(shù)月內保持正常(第一階段)。最早的放射學檢查結果通常是輕微的骨密度變化,然后是硬化和囊性變(第二階段)。然后,檢查結果會從軟骨下骨塌陷(第III期)發(fā)展到特征性新月征(在股骨頭近端前外側看到軟骨下射線可透性),并隨后出現(xiàn)股骨頭球形度喪失(測量圓度)或股骨頭最終關節(jié)塌陷,可見髖臼空間變窄和退行性變化(第四階段)。要尋找的關鍵放射學特征包括1)階段(塌陷前與塌陷后)、2)病變大小和3)股骨頭凹陷程度。右側股骨頭壞死的X線片表現(xiàn):雙線征,承重區(qū)右側髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死X線片(上圖)及MRI表現(xiàn)(下圖)生成骨骼三維圖像的計算機斷層掃描具有中等敏感性,但不具有特異性,可能會給患者帶來顯著的輻射負擔。如果股骨頭已經塌陷,計算機斷層掃描可能具有一定的特異性。幸運的是,大多數(shù)臨床醫(yī)生無需計算機斷層掃描即可診斷出股骨頭骨壞死,而計算機斷層掃描通常用于區(qū)分塌陷前和塌陷后疾病。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的鑒別診斷由于有癥狀的髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)患者可能會出現(xiàn)與許多其他髖關節(jié)病變類似的癥狀,因此在最終診斷之前應充分排除這些癥狀。骨髓水腫綜合征和軟骨下骨折是也需要考慮的許多潛在診斷中的兩個。與骨壞死相關的病因創(chuàng)傷相關的危險因素股骨頸骨折脫位或骨折脫位鐮狀細胞性貧血癥血紅蛋白病沉箱病(氣壓失調)戈謝病輻射非創(chuàng)傷相關的危險因素皮質類固醇激素飲酒系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡庫欣病皮質醇分泌過多(罕見)慢性腎功能衰竭/血液透析胰腺炎妊娠高脂血癥器官移植血管內凝血血栓性靜脈炎吸煙高尿酸血癥/痛風艾滋病病毒感染其他潛在風險因素特發(fā)性原因骨髓水腫綜合征,也稱為髖部暫時性骨質減少,可能單獨發(fā)生或與損傷相關,特別是那些導致神經損傷的創(chuàng)傷。在后一種情況下,慢性疼痛和短暫性骨質減少是復雜區(qū)域疼痛綜合征(也稱為反射性交感神經營養(yǎng)不良、灼痛等術語)的特征。骨髓水腫綜合征可根據(jù)組織學和MRI與股骨頭壞死(ON)相鑒別。股骨頭軟骨下骨折通常發(fā)生在已有骨質減少的患者中,通常被認為代表不全骨折。這些骨折可能很難通過平片觀察到。早期病變有時會出現(xiàn)輕微的扁平化;股骨頭塌陷是進行性的。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的臨床治療在制定針對癥狀性髖關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎的最佳治療方法時要考慮的因素應旨在治療骨關節(jié)炎的分期和受累程度、骨受累的程度和位置、癥狀的存在(或不存在)以及患者的合并癥。治療的目標是盡可能長時間地保留天然髖關節(jié),同時考慮患者年齡、活動能力、職業(yè)和生活方式等生活質量問題。處理髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)的三種主要治療選擇包括1)非手術治療、2)關節(jié)保留手術和3)全髖關節(jié)置換術THA。非創(chuàng)傷性原因引起的髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)的影響引起了特別關注。對于受影響的患者,67%的人報告沒有任何癥狀,但最終可能會出現(xiàn)關節(jié)塌陷。無癥狀的中等、尤其是大面積股骨頭骨壞死的自然病程是病情惡化,最終發(fā)展為終末期疾病,許多患者出現(xiàn)股骨頭塌陷。對于有癥狀的患者,大約80%至85%的病例會在2年內導致股骨頭塌陷。因此,早期診斷股骨頭壞死(ON)可能會提供早期治療的機會,這可以防止塌陷,并最終避免股骨頭塌陷而需要進行的全髖關節(jié)置換的手術治療。然而,大多數(shù)患者在病程晚期就診,對于那些已知或可能存在危險因素的患者,特別是使用大劑量皮質類固醇激素的患者,必須高度懷疑(存在股骨頭壞死(ON))。同樣,對于無癥狀的股骨頭壞死(ON)患者,應考慮影響股骨頭壞死病變的大小、范圍和位置。一般來說,影響股骨頭15%以下的病變最好采用非手術治療;15%至30%之間的病變應進行手術治療;盡管進行了手術干預,但涉及超過30%股骨頭的病變仍可能進展至塌陷,并最終需要全髖關節(jié)置換術THA。髖關節(jié)股骨頭骨壞死的非手術治療選擇物理治療物理治療可以緩解和減輕一些癥狀,但通常不會阻止進行性髖關節(jié)骨性關節(jié)炎進展到后期。同樣,使用拐杖或手杖等輔助裝置限制負重可能有助于控制疼痛、虛弱和痛性步態(tài)等癥狀。如果治療的目標是防止髖關節(jié)需要全髖關節(jié)置換,那么物理治療是不合適的,并且迄今為止沒有證據(jù)表明負重限制有助于防止進行性骨關節(jié)炎疾病進展為終末期疾病。藥物非甾體類抗炎藥和對乙酰氨基酚可以暫時緩解有癥狀患者的疼痛。當其他藥物無法有效控制中度至重度疼痛時,在考慮手術選擇時,可以明智地短期使用阿片類藥物。目前正在使用但未經證實或可靠地用于治療股骨頭壞死(ON)的研究藥物選擇包括1)抗凝劑、2)雙膦酸鹽抗吸收劑、3)降膽固醇他汀類藥物和4)高壓氧。早期股骨頭壞死(ON)的手術選擇髓心減壓髓心減壓是一種微創(chuàng)手術技術,用于控制病情早期(塌陷前)的癥狀(例如Ficat和ArletI期和II期)。該手術包括在股骨頭上鉆孔以緩解壓力并為新血管創(chuàng)造通道以滋養(yǎng)受影響的區(qū)域。已發(fā)表的髓心減壓成功率差異很大,從40%到100%不等,具體取決于患者群體。髓心減壓后的成功率在最早疾病階段的患者中可見。成功進行髓心減壓手術的患者通常會在幾個月后恢復獨立行走,并且可以完全緩解疼痛。骨移植髓心減壓可以與骨移植相結合,幫助再生健康的骨骼并支撐髖關節(jié)的軟骨。骨移植物是移植到壞死或死骨區(qū)域的健康骨組織。一種標準技術使用自體移植,涉及從身體的一個部位取出骨頭并將其移動到身體的另一部位。從捐贈者或尸體上采集的骨移植物稱為同種異體移植物,通常通過骨庫獲取。骨髓抽吸濃縮物髓心減壓配合骨髓抽吸濃縮物注射是使用濃縮骨髓,將其注射到股骨頭壞死的死骨中。這項研究技術從患者的骨髓中采集干細胞并將其注射到股骨頭壞死(ON)區(qū)域。骨髓抽吸濃縮被認為可以防止疾病進一步發(fā)展并刺激新骨生長。經皮鉆孔另一種手術選擇是經皮鉆孔。在此過程中,通過股骨頸經皮鉆一個孔,到達股骨頭的受影響部位。一份對45個髖關節(jié)進行平均隨訪24個月的報告顯示,30個患有Ficat和ArletI期疾病的髖關節(jié)中有24個(80%)取得了成功的結果(定義為Harris髖關節(jié)評分<70)。一項最近的研究比較了多個鉆探與標準髓心減壓相比,顯示經皮鉆探獲得更好的結果。晚期股骨頭壞死(ON)的手術選擇血管化骨移植血管化腓骨移植是一種更為復雜的外科手術,其中從腓骨及其血液供應中取出一段骨。然后將移植物移植到股骨頸和股骨頭上形成的孔道中,并重新連接動脈和靜脈以幫助愈合股骨頭壞死(ON)。截骨術髖關節(jié)截骨術可以將壞死骨從主要承重區(qū)域去除。盡管該手術可能會延遲THA手術,對于股骨頭輕度塌陷前或早期塌陷后的股骨頭壞死患者最有用。然而,截骨術的一個結果是使得未來可能的全髖關節(jié)置換術更具挑戰(zhàn)性,并且通常與骨不連的風險增加有關。非血管化骨移植非血管化骨移植手術有3種類型:1)活板門手術、2)燈泡技術和3)Phemister技術。活板門手術一種自體松質骨和皮質骨移植術,已成功用于Ficat和ArletIII期髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)的中小型病變患者。對23名Ficat和ArletIII期或IV期股骨頭壞死(ON)患者進行的30次(在股骨頭上制作的)活板門手術的結果顯示,根據(jù)Harris評分系統(tǒng)的判定,結果均良好或極好。燈泡技術燈泡技術使用股骨頸前部的皮質窗口??梢允褂迷摯翱谌コ龎乃拦牵S后可以用非血管化骨移植物填充。Wang等對110名接受燈泡手術的患者(138髖)進行了評估。在平均25個月的隨訪中,平均Harris髖關節(jié)評分從62分提高到79分。在最近的隨訪中,總共94個髖關節(jié)(68%)被認為取得了成功。ARCO分期IIa期患者中100%、IIb期患者中77%、IIc和IIIa期患者中51%出現(xiàn)放射學改善。Phemister技術在Phemister技術中,通過股骨頸插入環(huán)鉆以形成通向病變部位的管道。然后插入第二個環(huán)鉆以形成通往病變部位的另一條管道。然后可以將皮質支柱移植物放置在病變處。最近的一項評論報告稱,該手術的臨床成功率在36%至90%之間。全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)一旦股骨頭發(fā)生嚴重塌陷,置換髖關節(jié)是唯一實用的手術選擇,并且可以在晚期股骨頭壞死中提供最可預測的疼痛緩解。全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)成功地緩解了大多數(shù)患者的疼痛并恢復了功能。在全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)中,構成髖關節(jié)的患病軟骨和骨骼被由金屬和塑料制成的人工關節(jié)假體取代。人工髖關節(jié)置換術通常可以使用15年,然后就會磨損并需要修復。對于較年輕的患者,由于可能存在活動限制,全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)可能不是最佳解決方案。此外,由于假肢有使用壽命限制(長期使用后部件會磨損),這些患者可能需要在以后的生活中進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)翻修。必須仔細考慮全髖關節(jié)置換術并與生活質量問題進行權衡,但年輕患者并非絕對禁忌。關于髖關節(jié)股骨頭壞死(ON)的患者教育預防股骨頭壞死(ON)對患者進行有關危險因素、治療和管理的教育對于患者對其病情做出更明智的決定至關重要。股骨頭壞死(ON)教育過程涉及識別個人的相關疾病和與股骨頭壞死(ON)相關的危險因素。無癥狀股骨頭壞死的患者進展為有癥狀疾病和股骨頭塌陷的可能性很高。對無癥狀疾病患者的教育是預防性的,也是必要的,以確保改變危險因素和優(yōu)化護理。預防非創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭壞死(ON)需要:1)避免過量飲酒,定義為男性每周<15杯飲酒,女性每周<8杯飲酒,2)避免吸煙,以及3)將皮質類固醇激素減少到盡可能低的治療劑量。告知患者皮質類固醇激素的使用與股骨頭壞死(ON)潛在發(fā)展之間的相關性對于治療這種疾病至關重要。預防股骨頭壞死(ON)的進展應告知診斷為早期骨關節(jié)炎的患者采取上述預防措施,并應避免對關節(jié)施加過度壓力,遵循健康飲食,并保持適當?shù)捏w重以減緩骨關節(jié)炎的進展。盡管健康飲食本身并不能直接減少患者關節(jié)的壓力,但減肥(如果超重/肥胖)會減少髖關節(jié)的軸向負荷,從而減少施加到股骨頭/頸(股骨頭和股骨頸)的壓力。結論股骨頭壞死(ON)是一種病理性的、經常引起疼痛的病癥,涉及組織壞死區(qū)域,可影響身體的任何骨關節(jié)。髖關節(jié)是最常見的股骨頭壞死(ON)部位,當最初診斷出股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)生在身體的其他部位時,應始終利用放射線篩查和MRI掃描進行正確評估。越早診斷股骨頭壞死,無需手術干預或采用微創(chuàng)手術技術來挽救髖關節(jié)的機會就越大。做出股骨頭壞死(ON)診斷后,將考慮病變的大小、范圍和位置以及分類階段,以制定最佳的治療計劃。在此過程中,癥狀的存在或不存在很重要。治療的目標包括嘗試盡可能長時間地保留天然髖關節(jié),并考慮患者的生活方式和生活質量問題。迄今為止,治療股骨頭壞死(ON)的兩種主要治療選擇包括髖關節(jié)保留手術(保髖治療)和全髖關節(jié)置換術THA。對患者進行有關潛在危險因素和股骨頭壞死(ON)發(fā)展的教育,對于預防該病癥和/或潛在地預防或阻止早期疾病進展為晚期疾病至關重要。OsteonecrosisoftheHip:APrimerAbstractInthisreport,wedeliveraconciseandup-to-datereviewofosteonecrosis,apathologic,painful,andoftendisablingconditionthatisbelievedtoresultfromthetemporaryorpermanentdisruptionofbloodsupplytoanaffectedareaofbone.Wewilldiscusstheepidemiology(diseasedistribution),pathogenesis(mechanismofdevelopment),etiology(associatedriskfactors,causes,anddisorders),clinicalmanifestations(reportedsymptomsandphysicalfindings),diagnosisandclassification,andtreatmentoptionsforhiposteonecrosis.文獻出處:MichelleJLespasio,NipunSodhi,MichaelAMont.OsteonecrosisoftheHip:APrimer.ReviewPermJ.2019;23:18-100.doi:10.7812/TPP/18-100.INTRODUCTIONTheintentofthisarticleistopresentanupdateonosteonecrosis(ON)affectingthefemoralheadorhipjointandhowitcanbestbemanagedintheadultpopulation.Specifically,thisreportwillencompasstheepidemiology,pathogenesis,etiology,clinicalmanifestations,diagnosisandclassification,andtreatmentoptionsforhipON.ON,alsoreferredtoasavascularnecrosis,asepticnecrosis,orischemicbonenecrosis,isassociatedwithmanydisordersandriskfactorsthatcausematurebonecellstodie,leadingtobonedestruction(eg,collapse)orend-stagearthritisofthefemoralhead.Theconditioncanoccurinanyboneinthebody(eg,upperextremity,knees,shoulders,andankles),orinmorethan1boneatdifferenttimes,butitmostcommonlyaffectsthehipjoint.Wheninitiallydiagnosedinanareaotherthanthehip,thehipshouldsimultaneouslybeevaluatedclinicallyandwithradiographicandotherimagingstudies.ThecausesofONareclassifiedaseithertraumatic(relatedtoaninjury)oratraumatic(notrelatedtoaninjury).AccuratelydiagnosingandclassifyingONareimportantinhelpingtodirecttreatmentoptions.IdentificationofassociatedriskfactorsandpatienteducationareimportantinsuccessfulmanagementofON.Targetingassociatedriskfactors,pharmacologicmanagement,and/orsurgery,includingjointpreservingproceduresandtotalhiparthroplasty(THA),alsoplaysignificantrolesintheclinicalcareofpatientswithON.EPIDEMIOLOGYOFHIPOSTEONECROSISAlthoughtheexactprevalenceofONisunknown,theincidenceisestimatedtobebetween20,000to30,000newlydiagnosedpatientseachyearintheUS.1ONistheunderlyingdiagnosisinapproximately10%ofallTHAintheUS.2,3ONaffectspeopleofallages,althoughitismostcommonlyseeninpatientsbetweentheagesof30and65years.4Themeanageatdiagnosisistypicallyyoungerthanage50years.3Themale-to-femaleratiovariesdependingontheassociatedcomorbidities.Forexample,alcohol-associatedONismorecommoninmen,whereasONassociatedwithsystemiclupuserythematosus(SLE)ismorecommoninwomen.3Morethan20,000peopleeachyearrequirehospitaltreatmentforhipON.4Inmanyofthesecases,bothhipsareaffectedbythecondition.Mostcommonly,ONaffectstheproximalend(epiphysis)ofthefemur(hipbone).PATHOGENESISOFHIPOSTEONECROSISThemechanism(s)bywhichhipONdevelopsremainsunclear.Forthemostpart,hipONisbelievedtoresultfromthecombinedeffectsofgeneticpredisposition,metabolicfactors,andlocalfactorsaffectingbloodsupplyincludingvasculardamage,increasedintraosseouspressure,andmechanicalstresses.2,5,6Mostexpertsagreethatalackofbloodsupplytothefemoralheadandbonemarrow,whichproducesstemcellsandplatelets,causesdeathoftheosteocytes(cellswithinmaturebone)and/ormesenchymalcells(stemcellsthatformcartilage,bone,andfat).7Theresultisdemineralizationorresorptionofthedeadtissuebynewbutweakerosseoustissue(trabecularthinning),subsequentlyleadingtosubchondralfractureandcollapseofthefemoralhead.OtherproposedmechanismsforthepathogenesisofONincludevasoconstriction-inducedchangescausedbytheadverseeffectsofexcessglucocorticosteroidsaffectingboneandvenousendothelialcells8,9andexcessglucocorticoid-associatedONinvolvingalterationsincirculatinglipidsbelievedtocausemicroemboliinthearteriesthatsupplybonewithblood.10ETIOLOGYOFHIPOSTEONECROSISAcombinationoftraumaticandatraumaticfactorscandirectlycontributetotheetiologyofON(seeSidebar:EtiologicFactorsAssociatedwithOsteonecrosis).Onthebasisoflongitudinalcohortstudiesandmeta-analyses,directriskfactorshavebeendiscoveredthatplayadefinitiveetiologicroleinthedevelopmentofON.Associatedriskfactors,however,accountformostofthelinkstotheeventualdevelopmentofON.11TraumaticCausesofHipOsteonecrosisTraumaticcausesofONincludefemoralneckfracturesordislocationsaswellasdirectinjuryofboneofmarrowelements(eg,relatedtoradiationinjury,dysbarism,orCaissondisease).Themechanisminvolvedinfemoralneckfracturesordislocationsisdamagetotheextraosseousbloodvessels,whichresultsindisruptedbloodsupplytotheaffectedregionofthehip.Hipdislocationisanothertypeoftraumaticinjury,whichaffectsapproximately20%oftrauma-relatedONpatients.12Caissondisease(eg,decompressioninscubadiving)causestheformationofnitrogenbubblesthatcanoccludearterioles,leadingtoON.PatientswhodevelopsymptomscandevelophipONyearsafterexposuretothisprocess.Thedepthanddurationofpressureandnumberofexposuresareimportantfactorsintheprogressionofthisdisorder.13AtraumaticCausesofHipOsteonecrosisNumerousstudiesreportprolongeduseofcorticosteroidsassociatedwiththedevelopmentofONcanbedirectlyrelatedtodurationandtotaldosageofthemedication.14–16PatientstreatedwithprolongedhighdosesofglucocorticoidsappeartobeatthegreatestriskofdevelopingON;however,thesepatientsoftenhavemultipleotherriskfactors.Glucocorticoid-inducedONdevelopsin9%to40%ofpatientsreceivinglong-termtherapy,anddevelopsmuchlessfrequentlyinpatientsreceivingshort-termtherapy.17Onemeta-analysisandsystematicreviewidentifiedanincidenceofONinnearly7%ofpatientswhoused<2gofcorticosteroids.18Fromthismeta-analysis,alowerriskwasseeninpatientstreatedwithdosesofprednisonelessthan15mg/dto20mg/d.18Onepopulation-basedstudyof98,390patientsshowedtheincidenceofhipONamongpatientswhohadreceivedasingleshort-term,low-dosemethylprednisolonetaperpackwas0.13%,comparedwith0.08%inpatientswhowerenotprescribedamethylprednisolonetaperpack,thusindicatinganumberneededtoharmof2041patients.19Alcoholusehasbeenassociatedwithapproximately31%ofpatientswhodevelophipON.3,20–22ExcessivealcoholconsumptionrelatedtoONofthehipisbelievedtoresultfromthedecreasedbonegenesiscausedbyexcesslipidformationandincreasedintracellularlipiddeposits,leadingtoosteocytedeathandON.23HighdosesofcorticosteroidsandexcessivealcoholusetogetherpresentthehighestassociateddirectriskfactorsforthedevelopmentofhipON24andaccountformorethan80%ofcasesnotrelatedtotrauma.3,6Onestudycompared112patientswhohadidiopathichipONandnohistoryofsystemiccorticosteroidusewith168controls.3,20Anelevatedriskforregularalcoholdrinkersandacleardose-responserelationshipwithalcoholwerenoted,comparedwithcontrols.Therelativeriskswere3.3,9.8,and17.9forcurrentconsumersoflessthan400mL/wk,400mL/wkto1000mL/wk,andmorethan1000mL/wkofalcohol,respectively.9ONiscommoninpatientswithsicklecelldiseasebecauseofitspropensitytocauseredbloodcellsicklingandbonemarrowhyperplasia.Approximately50%ofaffectedpatientsdevelopONbytheageof35years.25SicklecellhemoglobinopathycandirectlycausevascularobstructionandON.ThedevelopmentofONhasbeenreportedin3%to30%ofpatientswithSLE,andthosemostatriskarepatientswhohavetakenglucocorticoidswithregulardosesofprednisonegreaterthan20mg/d.3,26–28ONhasbeenreportedinasmanyas60%ofpatientswithGaucherdisease(ahereditarydisorder)becauseofitsabilitytodirectlyobstructvascularsupply.3,29,30Gaucherdiseaseisanautosomalrecessiveinheriteddisorderofmetabolismwhereatypeoffat(lipid)calledglucocerebrosidecannotbeadequatelydegraded.Normally,thebodymakesanenzymecalledglucocerebrosidase(anormalpartofthecellmembrane)thatbreaksdownandrecyclesglucocerebroside.31OtherlesscommonbutapparentlinkstohipONincludepatientswithantiphospholipidantibodies,Cushingdisease,29andSLE.Thedevelopmentofacutelymphoblasticleukemia,chronicmyeloidleukemia,andacutemyeloidlymphoma3,32placespatientsatincreasedriskforONrelatedtothetreatmentwithsteroidsfortheseconditions.Pancreatitis(usuallyassociatedwithuseofcorticosteroids),pregnancy,chemotherapy,smoking,vasculitis,pleuritis,andcentralnervoussystemfactorssuchasaninflammatoryresponseresultinginareductioninthenumberofsympatheticnervefibers(asseeninrheumatoidarthritis,Crohndisease,Charcotfoot,andinflammatoryboweldisease),havebeenassociatedwithON.33ThereissomeevidencethathipONmayhaveageneticbasisunderlyingassociatedriskfactors.34Forexample,menareaffectedasmuchas3timesmorethanwomenwhenexcessivealcoholuseistheassociatedriskfactor.However,whenlupusorcorticosteroidusearetheassociatedriskfactors,womenareaffectedmoreoftenthanmen.26,27,32SLEisapproximately9timesmorecommoninwomenthaninmen.35Thisincreasedsusceptibilitymaybemadepossible,atleastinpart,owingtodifferencesrelatedtohormonesandsexchromosomes.35Chronicrenalfailureorend-stagerenaldiseaseinpatientsonhemodialysis,hyperuricemia/gout,HIVinfection,hyperlipidemia,organtransplantation,andintravascularcoagulationarealsolinkedtothedevelopmentofON.31,32,36–39Despitethemanypossibleassociationsandlinks,anestimated20%ofONcasesarelabeledasidiopathicorofunknownetiology.7CLINICALMANIFESTATIONSOFHIPOSTEONECROSISHippainisthemostcommonlyreportedsymptomoflater-stageON,althoughasmallproportionofpatientsmaynothavesymptoms.Paininthegroinisthemostcommonlyreportedsymptom,followedbypainreferredintothethighandbuttock.Paincanpresentwithweightbearingorjointmotion.Painatrestoccursinapproximatelytwo-thirdsofpatientswithON,andpainatnightoccursinapproximatelyone-thirdofpatients.33Paininmultiplelocationsofthebodyisrareandsuggestsamultifocalprocess.PhysicalfindingsofhipONaregenerallynonspecificbutmayentailreducedrangeofmotionoftheaffectedjoint,painfulambulation,Trendelenburgsign,and/orcrepitus.3,40,41ClinicalAssessmentofHipOsteonecrosisONofthehipisgenerallyaddressedby1)reviewofapatient’smedicalhistory,2)obtainingappropriateradiologicevaluation,3)determiningthestageofthecondition,and4)developingaplanfortreatmentoptions.42,43WhenevaluatingapatientforON,questionsshouldbedirectedatassessingahistoryofpain,useofmedications(especiallycorticosteroids),surgery,pregnancy,trauma,chronicmedicalconditions(especiallysicklecelldisease,Gaucherdisease,autoimmunedisease,andleukemia),smoking,and/oralcoholuse.Whenaskingaboutinjuries/illnesses,itisimportanttocarefullyexploreinjuriesrelatedtohipfractures,dislocations,orscubadivingbecauseCaissondiseaseisatraumatic.DIAGNOSISANDCLASSIFICATIONOFHIPOSTEONECROSISDiagnosinghipONintheinitialstagesofthedisorderisimportantformanagement43–46;atinitialstages,thediseasemaynotprogress.Inmostcases,patientswithearly-stageONaregenerallywithoutsymptomsandareidentifiedincidentally;unfortunately,mostpatientsdonotpresentforevaluationuntiltheONhasreachedlaterstages.AlthoughthereispresentlynodefinitivetreatmentknowntopermanentlyhaltONfromprogressingtolaterstages,therearetreatmentmethods,suchaslipidloweringagents,anticoagulants,andbisphosphonates,currentlybeingusedforthispurpose.36–38AdiagnosisofONcanaccuratelybemadewhenapatientissymptomatic,imagingfindingsarecompatible,andothercausesofpainandbonyabnormalitieseitherareunlikelyorhavebeenexcluded.Beyondtheclinicalandphysicalexamination,imagingtechniquessuchasradiographsandmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)scanningarealsousedfordiagnosis.Plainradiographicevaluationisperformedfirst,followedbyMRI.MRIhasbeenreportedtobe<99%specificandsensitivefordetectingearlyON.47,48MRIimagescanalsoquantitativelyassessthesizeofthelesionorinvolvementoftheaffectedbonebydigitizingtheareaofthefemoralheadoccupiedbybonewithabnormaltexture.49MRIchangesincludewell-demarcatedandhomogeneousfocallesionsonT1-weightedimageswithasingle-densitylineseparatingnormalandischemicbone,aswellasasecondhigh-intensitylineonT2-weightedimages(thepathognomonicdouble-linesign)representinghypervasculargranulationtissue.3Thislevelofimagingdetailisusefulbecausethesizeandextentofthelesionoftheaffectedboneisimportantandcanhelpdirecttreatment.Forend-stagedisease,however,useofMRIinpatientswithONmaybeunnecessarybecausetreatmentoptionsatthisstagecanbelimited.Thesefindingsareoftenclassifiedusingthe4-stageFicatandArletsystem,whichisdescribedhereandinTable1.Theplainradiographcanremainnormalformonthsaftertheonsetofsymptomssuchasgroinpain(StageI).Theearliestradiographicfindingsareusuallymilddensitychanges,followedbysclerosisandcysts(StageII).Findingsthenprogresstothepathognomoniccrescentsign(subchondralradiolucencyseenintheanterolateralaspectoftheproximalfemoralhead)fromsubchondralcollapse(StageIII),andsubsequentlossofsphericity(measurementoftheroundness)orcollapseofthefemoralheadwitheventualjoint-spacenarrowinganddegenerativechangesintheacetabulumthatarevisible(StageIV).Keyradiographicfeaturestolookforinclude1)stage(precollapsevspostcollapse),2)sizeoflesion,and3)amountofheaddepression.Table1Ficat&ArletclassificationsystemofthefemoralheadClassificationClinicalRadiographsMRIStage0Nosymptoms;preclinicalNormalNormalStage1PossiblegroinpainNormalormildosteopeniaPossibleedemaStage2Groinpainandstiffness;painwithactivityOsteopeniaand/orsubchondralcysts;diffuseporosis;precollapseofjointspaceOutlinesareaofinvolvementofthefemoralheadStage3Groinpain,stiffness,radiationofpain;painwithactivityCrescentsignand/orsubchondralcollapse(flattening)ofjointwithsecondarydegenerativechanges;lossofsphericityoffemoralheadSameasradiographsStage4Groinpainandlimp;painatrestEnd-stagediseasewithcollapse;extensivedestructionofjoint;reducedjointspaceSameasradiographsOpeninaseparatewindowMRI=magneticresonanceimagingAcomputedtomographyscanproducinga3-dimensionalpictureofthebonehasmoderatesensitivitybutisnonspecificandcanposeasignificantradiationburdentopatients.Computedtomographycanhavesomespecificityifthereisalreadyfemoralheadcollapse.Fortunately,mostcliniciansareassuredwiththeirdiagnosisofONwithoutcomputedtomographyscanning,whichisgenerallyreservedfordistinguishingprecollapseandpostcollapsedisease.DifferentialDiagnosisofHipOsteonecrosisBecausepatientswithsymptomatichipONcanpresentwithsymptomssimilartomanyotherhippathologies,theseshouldbeadequatelyruledoutbeforefinaldiagnosis.Bonemarrowedemasyndromeandsubchondralfracturesaretwoofmanypotentialdiagnosesthatneedtoalsobeconsidered.EtiologicFactorsAssociatedwithOsteonecrosisTraumatic-associatedriskfactorsFemoralneckfractureDislocationorfracture-dislocationSicklecelldiseaseHemoglobinopathiesCaissondisease(dysbarism)GaucherdiseaseRadiationAtraumatic-associatedriskfactorsCorticosteroidadministrationAlcoholuseSystemiclupuserthyematosusCushingdiseaseHypersecretionofcortisol(rare)Chronicrenalfailure/hemodialysisPancreatitisPregnancyHyperlipidemiaOrgantransplantationIntravascularcoagulationThrombophlebitisCigarettesmokingHyperuricemia/goutHIVOtherpotentialriskfactorsIdiopathiccausesBonemarrowedemasyndrome,alsoknownastransientosteopeniaofthehip,mayoccurinisolationorinassociationwithinjuries,particularlythosethatresultinneurologicdamage.Inthelattersituation,chronicpainandtransientosteopeniaarefeaturesofthecomplexregionalpainsyndrome(alsoknownasreflexsympatheticdystrophy,causalgia,andotherterms).3BonemarrowedemasyndromecanbedifferentiatedfromONonthebasisofhistologicandMRIfindings.Subchondralfractureofthefemoralheadtypicallyoccursinpatientswithpreexistingosteopeniaandisgenerallythoughttorepresentaninsufficiencyfracture.50Thesefracturesmaybedifficulttovisualizewithplainradiographs.Subtleflatteningissometimespresentwithearlylesions;collapseofthefemoralheadisprogressive.CLINICALMANAGEMENTOFHIPOSTEONECROSISFactorstoconsiderwhendevelopinganoptimalmanagementapproachforsymptomaticONofthehipshouldbeaimedattreatingthestageanddegreeofinvolvementofON,theextentandlocationofbonyinvolvement,thepresence(orabsence)ofsymptoms,andthepatient’scomorbidities.Thegoaloftherapyistopreservethebiologicalhipjointforaslongaspossiblewhilealsotakingintoconsiderationqualityoflifeissuessuchaspatientage,mobility,occupation,andlifestyle.ThreemaintherapeuticoptionsformanagementofhipONinclude1)nonoperativemanagement,2)joint-preservingprocedures,and3)THA.TheeffectsofatraumaticcausesofhipONposespecialconcerns.Forthoseaffected,67%reportnosymptomsbutmayeventuallygoontohaveacollapsedjoint.51Thenaturalhistoryofasymptomaticmedium-sized,andespeciallylarge,osteonecroticlesionsisprogressiontoworseningoftheconditionandeventuallyend-stagediseaseandcollapseofthehipinasubstantialnumberofpatients.Forthosewithsymptoms,approximately80%to85%ofcaseswillresultincollapseofthefemoralheadwithin2years.6EarlydiagnosisofONmaythereforeprovidetheopportunityforearlytreatment,whichcanpreventcollapseand,ultimately,theneedfortotaljointarthroplasty.However,mostpatientspresentlateinthecourseofthedisease,andahighindexofsuspicionisnecessaryforthosewithknownorprobableriskfactors,particularlypatientswithhigh-dosecorticosteroiduse.3SimilarlyforpatientswithasymptomatichipON,thesize,extent,andlocationofthenecroticlesionaffectingthefemoralheadshouldbeconsidered.Generally,lesionsaffectinglessthan15%ofthefemoralheadarebestmanagednonoperatively;lesionsbetween15%to30%shouldbemanagedsurgically;andlesionsinvolvingmorethan30%ofthefemoralheadarelikelytoprogresstocollapse,despitesurgicalintervention,andeventuallyrequireTHA.3,52,53NonsurgicalTreatmentOptionsinHipOsteonecrosisPhysicalTherapyPhysicaltherapymayprovidereliefandalleviatesomesymptomsbutgenerallywillnotprecludeprogressivehipONfromadvancingtolaterstages.54Similarly,restrictingweight-bearingwiththeuseofassistivedevicessuchascrutchesoracanemaybeusefultocontrolsymptomsofpain,weakness,andantalgicgait.PhysicaltherapyisnotappropriateifthegoaloftreatmentistopreventthehipfromrequiringTHA,andtodatethereisnoevidencethatweight-bearingrestrictionsarehelpfulinpreventingprogressiveONdiseasefromadvancingtoend-stagedisease.MedicationsNonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugsandacetaminophenmayprovidetemporaryreliefofpaininsymptomaticpatients.Opioidmedicationsmaybeusedjudiciouslyandforshortperiodsoftimewhenotheragentsareineffectivetomanagemoderate-to-severepainwhilesurgicaloptionsarebeingconsidered.InvestigationalmedicationoptionscurrentlybeingusedbutthatarenotprovenorreliablyusedtotreatONinclude1)anticoagulants,2)bisphosphonateantiresorptiveagents,3)cholesterolloweringstatins,and4)hyperbaricoxygen.SurgicalOptionsinEarly-StageHipOsteonecrosisCoreDecompressionCoredecompressionisaminimallyinvasivesurgicaltechniqueperformedtomanagesymptomsinearlystages(precollapse)ofthecondition(eg,FicatandArletStagesIandII).Theprocedureinvolvesdrillingholesintothefemoralheadtorelievepressureandcreatechannelsfornewbloodvesselstonourishtheaffectedareas.Thepublishedsuccessratesofcoredecompressionvarygreatlyfrom40%to100%,dependingonpatientpopulation.35Highersuccessratesaftercoredecompressionareseeninpatientswiththeearliestdiseasestages.Patientswithsuccessfulcoredecompressionprocedurestypicallyreturntounassistedambulationafterseveralmonthsandcanhavecompletepainrelief.55BoneGraftingCoredecompressioncanbecombinedwithbonegraftingtohelpregeneratehealthyboneandsupportcartilageatthehipjoint.Abonegraftishealthybonetissuethatistransplantedtotheareaofnecroticordeadbone.Astandardtechniqueusesanautograftthatinvolvestakingbonefromonepartofthebodyandmovingittoanotherpartofthebody.Abonegraftthatisharvestedfromadonororcadaveriscalledanallograftandistypicallyacquiredthroughabonebank.BoneMarrowAspirateConcentrationThebonemarrowaspirateconcentrationinjectionprocedurewithcoredecompressioninvolvestheuseofconcentratedbonemarrowthatisinjectedintothedeadboneofthehip.Thisinvestigationaltechniqueharvestsstemcellsfromapatient’sbonemarrowandinjectsthemintotheareaofON.9Thebonemarrowaspirateconcentrationprocedureishypothesizedtopreventfurtherprogressionofthediseaseandtostimulatenewbonegrowth.56PercutaneousDrillingAnothersurgicaloptionispercutaneousdrilling.Inthisprocedure,aholeisdrilledpercutaneouslythroughthefemoralnecktotheaffectedsiteinthefemoralhead.Onereporton45hipswithameanfollow-upof24monthsreported24(80%)of30hipswithFicatandArletStageIdiseasehadsuccessfuloutcomes(definedasHarrisHipScore<70).57Amorerecentstudycomparingmultipledrillingvsstandardcoredecompressionshowedfavorableresultsinfavorofpercutanteousdrilling.28SurgicalOptionsinAdvanced-StageHipOsteonecrosisVascularizedBoneGraftAvascularizedfibulagraftisamoreinvolvedsurgicalprocedureinwhichasegmentofboneistakenfromthefibulawithitsbloodsupply.Thegraftisthentransplantedintoaholecreatedinthefemoralneckandhead,andthearteryandveinarereattachedtohelphealtheareaofON.55OsteotomyOsteotomyinhipONcanbeperformedtoremovenecroticboneawayfromprimaryweight-bearingareas.AlthoughthisoperationmaydelayTHAsurgery,itismostusefulinpatientswithidiopathicONwhodemonstratesmallprecollapseorearlypostcollapseofthefemoralhead.Aconsequenceofosteotomies,however,isthattheymakesubsequentTHAmorechallengingandareoftenassociatedwithanincreasedriskofnonunionofthebone.NonvascularizedBoneGraftThereare3typesofnonvascularizedbonegraftingsurgeries:1)trapdoorprocedure,2)lightbulbtechnique,and3)Phemistertechnique.ThetrapdoorprocedureisoneinwhichautogenouscancellousandcorticalbonegraftinghavebeensuccessfulinFicatandArletStageIIIhipONinpatientswithsmall-tomedium-sizedlesions.Areviewoftheresultsof30trapdooroperationsperformedon23patientswithFicatandArletStageIIIorStageIVONofthefemoralheadperformedthroughaso-calledtrapdoormadeinthefemoralheadrevealedagoodorexcellentresultasdeterminedbytheHarrisHipScoresystem.11LightbulbTechniqueThelightbulbtechniqueusesacorticalwindowintheanterioraspectofthefemoralneck.Necroticbonecanberemovedusingthiswindow,whichcanbelaterpackedwithnonvascularizedbonegraft.Wangetal55evaluated110patients(138hips)whounderwentthelightbulbprocedure.Atmeanfollow-upof25months,meanHarrisHipScoresimprovedfrom62to79points.Atotalof94hips(68%)wereconsideredtohavesuccessfuloutcomesatlatestfollow-up.Radiographicimprovementswerenotedin100%ofAssociationResearchCirculationOsseousStageIIapatients,77%instageIIbpatients,and51%instageIIcandIIIapatients.55PhemisterTechniqueInthePhemistertechnique,atrephineisinsertedthroughthefemoralnecktocreateatracttothelesion.Asecondtrephineistheninsertedtocreateanothertracttothelesionsite.Acorticalstrutgraftcanthenbeplacedinthelesion.Arecentreviewreportsthisproceduretohaveaclinicalsuccessraterangingfrom36%to90%.25TotalHipArthroplastyOncethefemoralheadhasundergonemajorcollapse,replacingthehipjointistheonlypracticaloperativeoptionandoffersthemostpredictablepainreliefinadvancedON.THAissuccessfulinrelievingpainandrestoringfunctioninthemajorityofpatients.45–47InTHA,thediseasedcartilageandboneconstitutingthehipjointisreplacedwithartificialimplantsmadeofmetalandplastic.Aprosthetichipreplacementgenerallylasts15yearsbeforeitmightwearoutandneedtoberevised.Fortheyoungeragegroup,aTHAmaybeasuboptimalsolutionbecauseofpossibleactivityrestrictions.Additionally,becauseprostheseshavelongevityrestrictions—componentswearafterlong-termuse—thesepatientswilllikelyrequirearevisionTHAlaterinlife.THAmustbecarefullyconsideredandbalancedagainstqualityoflifeissues,butitisnotabsolutelycontraindicatedforyoungerpatients.PATIENTEDUCATIONABOUTHIPOSTEONECROSISPreventionofOsteonecrosisPatienteducationaboutriskfactors,therapies,andmanagementisessentialforpatientstomakebetter-informeddecisionsabouttheircondition.TheprocessofONeducationinvolvesidentificationofanindividual’sassociateddisordersandriskfactorsrelatedtoON.PatientswithasymptomaticONmayhaveahighprevalenceofprogressiontosymptomaticdiseaseandfemoralheadcollapse.Educationforpatientswithasymptomaticdiseaseisprecautionaryandimperativetoensuremodificationofriskfactorsandoptimizationofcare.PreventingatraumaticONrequires1)avoidingexcessiveuseofalcoholdefinedas<15drinks/wkformenand<8drinks/wkforwomen,102)avoidingsmoking,and3)reducingcorticosteroidstothelowestpossibletherapeuticdose.InformingpatientsaboutthecorrelationbetweencorticosteroiduseandpotentialdevelopmentofONiscriticalinmanagementofthiscondition.PreventionofProgressionofOsteonecrosisPatientsdiagnosedwithearly-stageONshouldbeadvisedoftheaforementionedprecautionsandshouldavoidplacingexcessivepressureontheirjoints,followahealthydiet,andmaintainanappropriateweighttomitigateprogressionofON.Althoughahealthydietinitselfdoesnotdirectlyreducepressureonapatient’sjoints,weightloss(ifoverweight/obese)willreduceaxialloadsonthehipjoint,whichinturndecreasesthestrainappliedtothefemoralhead/neck(toboththetensionandthecompressionsides).42CONCLUSIONONisapathologicandoftenpainfulconditioninvolvingnecroticareasoftissuethatcanaffectanybonyjointinthebody.ThehipjointisthemostcommonlocationforONandshouldalwaysbeproperlyevaluated,utilizingradiographicscreeningandMRIscanning,whenONisinitiallydiagnosedinanotherbodypart.TheearlieradiagnosisofONismade,thebettertheopportunitytosavethehipjointwithoutsurgicalinterventionorwithminimallyinvasivesurgicaltechniques.AfteradiagnosisofONismade,thesize,extent,andlocationofthelesionandtheclassificationstagesareconsideredtodevelopanoptimalplanofcare.Thepresenceorabsenceofsymptomsisimportantinthisprocess.Thegoalsoftreatmentinvolveattemptingtopreservethebiologicalhipjointforaslongaspossibleandconsiderationofapatient’slifestyleandqualityoflifeissues.Todate,the2maintherapeuticoptionsformanagementofhipONincludejoint-preservingproceduresandTHA.PatienteducationaboutpotentialriskfactorsanddevelopmentofONisessentialtopreventtheconditionand/ortopotentiallypreventorhaltprogressionofearly-stagediseasetolater-stagedisease.2023年07月10日
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陶可主治醫(yī)師 北京大學人民醫(yī)院 骨關節(jié)科 股骨頭壞死:病因、診斷及治療方式:2019英國醫(yī)學雜志(BMJ)(醫(yī)學生及低年資住院醫(yī)師培訓之)綜述作者:JonathanNLamb,ColinHolton,PhilipO'Connor,PeterVGiannoudis作者單位:LeedsInstituteofRheumaticandMusculoskeletalMedicine,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UK.譯者:陶可(北京大學人民醫(yī)院骨關節(jié)科)股骨頭壞死你需要了解什么??股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的常見危險因素包括:酗酒、使用類固醇激素、化療和免疫抑制劑藥物以及鐮狀細胞性貧血。?如果患者髖部疼痛持續(xù)超過6周且X線片正常,請考慮對髖部進行核磁共振MRI掃描,并轉診至骨科(保髖治療)團隊。?早期治療可使髖關節(jié)7年后存活率提高至88%。Fig1Demonstrationofhiprotationtoelicithippainwiththepatientsitting(A)andsupine(B,C,D).圖1?演示通過患者坐位(A)和仰臥位(B、C、D)引起髖部疼痛的髖關節(jié)旋轉活動(髖關節(jié)查體之內外旋轉活動)。Fig2Typicalchangesseenonplainradiograph(top)andMRI(bottom)ofthehipinearlyandlateAVNFH.TheappearanceofearlyAVNFHisnotapparentonplainradiographbutisvisibleonMRI.圖2?早期和晚期股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)髖關節(jié)平片(上)和MRI(下)中看到的典型變化。早期股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的在平片上表現(xiàn)不明顯,但在MRI上可見明顯信號的改變。Fig3ProposedpathwayformanagingAVNFHinaprimarycaresetting.圖3?在基層醫(yī)療機構中管理股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的建議診治流程。?典型病例:一名36歲的女性向她的全科醫(yī)生報告,有左側腹股溝疼痛放射到膝蓋的病史。疼痛很嚴重,走路時更嚴重,并伴有跛行。一年后,患者再次去看全科醫(yī)生,盡管進行了鎮(zhèn)痛,但疼痛仍持續(xù)存在。髖關節(jié)和膝關節(jié)的平片顯示髖關節(jié)間隙輕微變窄,沒有其他特征,她被轉診到二級骨科診所。髖關節(jié)磁共振成像(MRI)掃描顯示股骨頭缺血性壞死(AVNFH)伴塌陷的典型特征。什么是股骨頭缺血性壞死?股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)由于微循環(huán)異常而導致軟骨下骨結構完整性喪失。潛在的發(fā)病機制尚不清楚;風險因素可能會以某種方式影響微循環(huán),但這尚未得到研究證實。共同的終點是微循環(huán)異常和壞死。軟骨下骨隨后塌陷,導致進行性、繼發(fā)性髖關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎。在英國,平均發(fā)病年齡為58.3歲,每10萬名患者中有2人患病。平均而言,股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)比典型骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)生得更早。它在男性中更為常見,發(fā)病率最高的是25至44歲的男性和55至75.3歲的女性。在英國,它是50.4歲以下人群全髖關節(jié)置換術的第三大常見適應癥。以下因素與股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)風險增加相關:?血液甘油三酯、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平高;?男性;?城市居民;?股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)家族史;?大量吸煙;?濫用酒精;?超重;?凝血?。?血管病變;?艾滋病病毒;?大量接觸類固醇激素、化療和免疫抑制藥物。類固醇激素已被證明會使骨壞死(非部位特異性)的幾率增加3倍,而免疫抑制劑則增加6倍。Zhao報告稱,服用皮質類固醇激素的患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的幾率高出35倍,患有“酗酒”狀態(tài)的患者則高出6倍。為什么股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)會漏診呢?股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)很少見?;加羞@種疾病的患者可能同時患有慢性風濕病和血液病。這可能會導致診斷的不確定性,特別是考慮到在這些情況下使用化療、免疫調節(jié)劑和類固醇激素時,這些都是股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的危險因素。查體可以幫助識別可能引起疼痛的解剖結構,因為髖關節(jié)疼痛可能源自髖關節(jié)和非髖關節(jié)的多個部位。臨床表現(xiàn)可能會被錯過,因為由于時間和空間的限制,在基層醫(yī)療機構中準確確定單純由于髖關節(jié)運動時造成的腹股溝疼痛可能具有挑戰(zhàn)性(比較困難)。股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)早期階段的正常X線片可能會錯誤地讓人放心并延遲適當?shù)霓D診。如果X線片呈陰性并且患者繼續(xù)抱怨髖關節(jié)疼痛,醫(yī)生可能會診斷為非特異性髖關節(jié)疼痛(考慮到肌肉骨骼的原因)并建議患者接受物理治療。在新發(fā)病例中,18.75%只能通過MRI進行診斷,并且在普通X線片上很容易被漏診。只有MRI掃描才具有診斷意義。為什么及早確診股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)很重要?早期診斷和轉診至關重要,因為骨質破壞通常發(fā)生在發(fā)病后2年內,因此不可能進行保留髖關節(jié)的治療干預(保髖治療在股骨頭壞死發(fā)病2年內)。股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)使多學科團隊有時間改變可能引發(fā)股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)發(fā)作的治療方法。股骨頭髓心減壓術可降低中短期內進一步手術的需要,但僅適用于疾病的最早階段。一旦患者進展為繼發(fā)性髖關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎,關節(jié)置換通常是不可避免的。然而,考慮到股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)患者年齡較小,翻修手術和相關發(fā)病率的終生風險很大。如何診斷股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)?股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)診斷從仔細詢問病史和檢查開始,以確定髖關節(jié)疼痛的來源。最終需要MRI來診斷股骨頭壞死(AVNFH),并且還可以診斷髖關節(jié)疼痛的其他原因。仔細的詢問病史病史顯示疼痛持續(xù)超過6周,通常位于腹股溝和大腿,負重和運動時疼痛更嚴重。通常沒有外傷史。詢問危險因素,如果患者有任何“危險信號”,請進行髖關節(jié)MRI檢查。股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)通常是雙側的,雙側股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的風險通常是在單側確診后的2年內???:需要轉介或進一步評估的危險信號:?髖關節(jié)X線檢查正常,髖關節(jié)疼痛超過6周;?患有髖關節(jié)疼痛和危險因素的患者,包括:o既往單側股骨頭壞死(AVNFH),o酗酒,o大量接受類固醇激素治療,o免疫治療,?化療,o鐮狀細胞病和其他凝血病,?艾滋病毒,o新近妊娠。查體腹股溝、大腿和膝關節(jié)前側疼痛的再現(xiàn)并伴有單獨的大腿旋轉不能診斷股骨頭壞死(AVNFH),但有助于區(qū)分髖關節(jié)疼痛與脊柱和膝關節(jié)疼痛。這可以在患者坐位或仰臥時進行(圖1)。影像學檢查早期股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)在X線片上并不明顯。如果患者持續(xù)感到疼痛,則需要進一步檢查和轉診。股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)通過髖關節(jié)MRI進行診斷,當與臨床癥狀密切相關時,還可以診斷各種可治療的髖關節(jié)疼痛(例如風濕病、肌腱疾病和骨?。▓D2)。僅當有其他原因或高度懷疑風濕病或感染時,才應考慮進行其他檢查,例如血液檢查。轉診如果患者的髖關節(jié)MRI顯示有股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)改變時,請就診于骨科醫(yī)生(圖3)。在二級醫(yī)療機構就診時,股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)診斷應與開具類固醇激素、化療和免疫治療原發(fā)病的任何治療團隊共享。藥物和手術治療取決于患者的特征和股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)的階段。使用前列環(huán)素類似物和雙膦酸鹽對塌陷前股骨頭壞死(AVNFH),可以減輕癥狀并防止關節(jié)形合度破壞,但其療效目前尚不清楚。手術治療仍存在爭議,但大多數(shù)塌陷前股骨頭壞死(AVNFH)患者均接受髓心減壓手術,并輔以或不輔以藥物治療,以減輕疼痛,并有可能在長達7年的時間里避免88%的患者進行全髖關節(jié)置換術治療。術后恢復包括12個月的非負重康復鍛煉,并在8周后逐漸恢復工作和駕駛。通常在術后12個月即可感受到完全的治療益處。專業(yè)的三級醫(yī)療機構可以提供新的治療方法,例如骨移植和截骨術,以分別促進血管再生和減輕受損髖關節(jié)表面的負荷。一旦發(fā)生塌陷,全髖關節(jié)置換術可以為患者提供快速、可靠的疼痛緩解和功能改善,但與未來有髖關節(jié)翻修的風險,特別是對于年輕患者。?AvascularnecrosisofthehipWhatyouneedtoknow?CommonriskfactorsforAVNFHarealcoholism,useofsteroids,chemotherapyandimmunosuppressantmedication,andsicklecellanaemia.?ConsiderMRIscanofthehipandreferraltoanorthopaedicteamifapatienthasapainfulhipforlongerthansixweekswithnormalradiographs.?Earlytreatmentimprovesthechancesofhipsurvivalbyupto88%atsevenyears.?A36yearoldwomanpresentstoherGPwithahistoryofleftgroinpainradiatingtotheknee.Thepainissevere,worseonwalking,andassociatedwithalimp.ThepatientrevisitstheGPayearlaterwithpersistentpaindespiteanalgesia.Plainradiographsofthehipandkneeshowslightnarrowingofthehipjointspacewithnootherfeaturesandsheisreferredtoasecondarycareorthopaedicclinic.Amagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)scanofthehipshowsclassicfeaturesofavascularnecrosisofthefemoralhead(AVNFH)withcollapse.Whatisavascularnecrosisofthefemoralhead?Osteonecrosisofthefemoralhead(AVNFH)causeslossofintegrityofsubchondralbonestructureduetoabnormalmicrocirculation.Theunderlyingpathogenesisisunclear1;riskfactorsarelikelytoaffectmicrocirculationinsomewaybutthishasnotbeenconfirmedbyresearch.Thecommonendpointisabnormalmicrocirculationandnecrosis.Subchondralbonesubsequentlycollapses,whichleadstoprogressivesecondaryarthritis.MeanageofpresentationintheUKis58.3years,withaprevalenceoftwoper100000patients.2Onaverage,AVNFHoccursearlierinlifethantypicalosteoarthritis.Itismorecommoninmenandthehighestprevalenceisinmenaged25to44andwomenaged55to75.3IntheUKitisthethirdmostcommonindicationfortotalhipreplacementinpeopleunder50.4ThefollowingfactorsareassociatedwithanincreasedriskofAVNFH35:?Highlevelsofbloodtriglycerides,totalcholesterol,lowdensitylipoproteincholesterol,andnon-highdensitylipoproteincholesterol?Malesex?Urbanresidence?FamilyhistoryofAVNFH?Heavysmoking?Alcoholabuse?Overweight?Coagulopathies?Vasculopathies?HIV?Highexposuretosteroids,chemotherapy,andimmunosuppressantmedication.Steroidshavebeenshowntoincreaseoddsofosteonecrosis(non-sitespecific)byafactorofthreeandimmunosuppressantsbyafactorofsix.ZhaoreportedthattheoddsofAVNFHwere35timesgreaterinpatientstakingcorticosteroidsandsixtimesgreaterinpatientswith“alcoholism”status.3Whyisitmissed?AVNFHisrare.Patientswiththeconditioncanhavecoexistingchronicrheumaticandhaematologicalproblems.Thismayleadtodiagnosticuncertainty,particularlygiventheuseofchemotherapy,immunomodulatoryagents,andsteroidsintheseconditions,whichareallriskfactorsforAVNFH.Aphysicalexaminationcanhelpidentifytheanatomicalstructuresthatmightbecausingthepain,sincehippaincanoriginatefrommultiplehipandnon-hipareas.Presentationsmaybemissedbecauseaccuratereproductionofgroinpainonisolatedhipmovementscanbechallengingtoelicitinaprimarycaresettingduetotimeandspaceconstraints.NormalplainradiographsintheearlystagesofAVNFHcanbefalselyreassuringanddelayappropriatereferral.Iftheplainradiographisnegativeandthepatientcontinuestocomplainofhippain,thedoctormaygiveadiagnosisofnon-specifichippain(giventhatmusculoskeletalpresentationsarecommoninprimarycare)andsendthepatientforphysiotherapy.Ofnewpresentations,18.75%arediagnosableonlywithMRIandareeasilymissedonnormalplainradiographs.3OnlytheMRIscanisdiagnostic.Whydoesitmatter?Earlydiagnosisandreferralareessentialsincebonedestructionnormallyoccurswithintwoyearsofdiseaseonset,makingjointpreservinginterventionimpossible.6EarlyidentificationofAVNFHgivesthemultidisciplinaryteamtimetochangemedicaltreatmentswhichmightbeprovokingonsetofAVNFH.Surgicaldecompressionofthefemoralheadreducestheneedforfurthersurgeryintheshorttomediumtermbutisonlysuitablefortheearlieststagesofdisease.5Oncepatientshaveprogressedtosecondaryhiparthritis,jointreplacementisusuallyinevitable.However,giventheyoungerageofpatientswithAVNFH,thelifetimeriskofrevisionsurgeryandassociatedmorbidityisgreat.HowisAVNFHdiagnosed?AVNFHdiagnosisstartswithacarefulhistoryandexaminationtodeterminethatthehipisthesourceofpain.UltimatelyanMRIisrequiredtodiagnoseAVNFHandmayalsodiagnoseothercausesofhippain.AcarefulhistoryAhistoryshowingpainlastinglongerthansixweeks,typicallylocatedinthegroinandthighandwhichisworseonweightbearingandmovementiskey.6Usuallythereisnohistoryoftrauma.AskaboutriskfactorsandreferforMRIofthehipifthepatienthasany“redflags”(box1).AVNFHisoftenbilateralandtheriskofbilateralAVNFHishighestwithintwoyearsofunilateraldiagnosis.6Box1:Redflagsrequiringreferralorfurtherassessment?Hippainformorethansixweekswithnormalhipradiograph?PatientspresentingwithhippainandriskfactorsincludingopreviousunilateralAVNFHoalcoholexcessohighexposuretosteroidtherapyoimmunologictherapyochemotherapyosicklecelldiseaseandothercoagulopathiesoHIVorecentpregnancyExaminationReproductionofpaininthegroin,thigh,andanterioraspectofkneewithisolatedthighrotationwillnotdiagnoseAVNFH,butwillhelptodifferentiatehippainfrompainoriginatingfromthespineandknee.Thiscanbeperformedwiththepatientsittingorsupine(fig1).RadiologicaltestsEarlyAVNFHisnotapparentonplainradiographs.Ifthepatientcontinuestobeinpain,furtherinvestigationandreferraliswarranted.AVNFHisdiagnosedonMRIofthehips,7whichmayalsodiagnoseabreadthoftreatablehippain(suchasrheumatologicaldisease,musculotendinousdisease,andbonydisease)whencarefullycorrelatedwithclinicalsymptoms8(fig2).Otherinvestigations,suchasbloodtests,shouldonlybeconsideredifindicatedforotherreasonsorifthereisahighsuspicionofrheumatologicaldiseaseorinfection.ReferralIfthepatienthassignsofAVNFHonMRIofthehip,refertoanorthopaedicsurgeonforconsultation(fig3).Insecondarycare,AVNFHdiagnosisshouldbesharedwithanycareteamsinvolvedintheadministrationofsteroids,chemotherapy,andimmunologictherapy.MedicalandsurgicaltreatmentdependonthepatientcharacteristicsandstageofAVNFH.Medicaltreatmentofpre-collapsediseasewithprostacyclinanaloguesandbisphosphonatesmayreducesymptomsandpreventlossofjointcongruitybuttheirefficacyisnotcurrentlywelldefined.6Surgically,treatmentremainscontroversial,butmostpatientswithpre-collapseAVNFHareofferedcoredecompressionsurgerywithorwithoutadjunctivepharmacologicaltherapytoreducepainandpotentiallypreventtheneedfortotalhipreplacementin88%ofpatientsforuptosevenyears.910Postoperativerecoveryinvolvesaperiodofnon-weightbearingfor12monthsandgradualreturntoworkanddrivingat8weeks.Fullbenefitisusuallyfeltat12monthsaftersurgery.Specialisttertiarycentresmayoffernoveltreatmentssuchasbonegraftingandosteotomiestoencouragevascularregrowthandunloaddamagedhiparticularsurface,respectively.Oncecollapsehasoccurred,totalhipreplacementcangivepatientsrapid,reliablepainreliefandimprovedfunctionbutisassociatedwiththeriskoffuturerevision,particularlyinyoungerpatients.Afulldescriptionofalltheoptionsisbeyondthescopeofthisarticleandpatientsshoulddiscussallavailableoptionswiththeirsurgeontoenableinformedshareddecisionmaking.文獻出處:JonathanNLamb,ColinHolton,PhilipO'Connor,PeterVGiannoudis.Avascularnecrosisofthehip.BMJ.2019May30;365:l2178.doi:10.1136/bmj.l2178.2023年07月09日
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陶可主治醫(yī)師 北京大學人民醫(yī)院 骨關節(jié)科 股骨頭壞死治療:2022年最新研究進展作者:GaryGeorge,JosephMLane.作者單位:FromWeillCornellMedicine,NewYork,NewYork(Mr.George),andtheHospitalforSpecialSurgery,NewYork,NewYork(Dr.Lane).譯者:陶可(北京大學人民醫(yī)院骨關節(jié)科)摘要股骨頭壞死是一種進展性、使人致殘的疾病,其病因多種多樣,包括外傷、使用激素(類固醇)和飲酒。診斷和分期基于影像學檢查,包括任何階段的MRI掃描和更晚期病變的X線片檢查。(疾病晚期)唯一確定的治療方法是全髖關節(jié)置換術,盡管,(目前臨床上)采用包括二磷酸鹽和核心減壓在內的多種治療方法來延緩病情進展。缺乏令人滿意的保守(治療)措施表明,需要對股骨頭壞死進行進一步研究,包括大型的患者登記,以進一步了解(保守治療的)效果。股骨頭壞死是一種進展性疾病,(股骨頭)缺乏足夠的血液供應會導致受影響區(qū)域的細胞死亡、骨折和塌陷。這種情況通常與股骨頭有關,病情進展可能會使人衰弱(殘疾),最終可能需要進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA))。股骨頭壞死的病因很復雜,有多種致病因素,其中最明顯的是外傷、使用激素和酒精。股骨頭壞死的治療是有爭議的,因為沒有任何一種治療方式是被廣泛接受的,而且很少有研究比較(各種)治療方法(之間的優(yōu)劣)。研究人員估計,美國每年診斷出20,000例新發(fā)的股骨頭壞死病例。股骨頭壞死發(fā)病率的增加和使人致殘的進展表明需要對有效和新穎的治療方法進行深入的研究,以及需要更清楚地了解現(xiàn)有的治療方法。這篇綜述描述了目前關于股骨頭壞死的病因學、病理生理學、流行病學和臨床治療的知識,重點介紹了最新進展。流行病學據(jù)估計,美國每年股骨頭壞死的發(fā)病率約為20000至30000例,主要影響20至40歲之間的年輕人。最近的分析表明,盡管因股骨頭壞死而進行的全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)數(shù)量有所增加,2001年和2010年(從每100,000名住院患者54.2例到每100,000名住院患者60.6例),因股骨頭壞死而進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的比例從9.7%下降到8.3%,可能是因為需要進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的骨關節(jié)炎迅速增加。病理生理學和發(fā)病機制一般發(fā)病機制盡管臨床表現(xiàn)是修復過程的結果,而不是最初的缺血,但股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生是由于骨骼的血流或氧氣輸送受損。在股骨頭壞死中,成骨細胞的骨形成無法與破骨細胞的骨吸收相匹配。這種重塑不平衡并不能充分替代壞死骨,從而留下了結構不健全的骨組織區(qū)域。創(chuàng)傷創(chuàng)傷是股骨頭壞死的最常見原因,會擾亂血流并導致骨細胞死亡。發(fā)生股骨頭外傷性股骨頭壞死的估計因損傷類型而異;然而,在創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭壞死的薈萃分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)其發(fā)生率高達14.3%。Garden分類對股骨頸骨折進行了分類,可用于估計股股骨頭壞死的風險。GardenI(不完全骨折)和GardenII(完全且無移位)被認為是穩(wěn)定且風險低的,可以通過內固定修復。GardenIII(完全骨折和部分移位)和GardenIV(完全骨折和完全移位)內固定的股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率要高得多(16%),應考慮髖關節(jié)置換術。另外,有文獻報道,股骨轉子間骨折導致股骨頭壞死的風險較低,一年隨訪時的股骨頭壞死結果為0.95%。非外傷性股骨頭壞死非外傷性股骨頭壞死有多種原因。值得注意的是,在非創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭壞死中,由于系統(tǒng)性危險因素,疾病常常是雙側的,一些估計表明,高達70%的單側股骨頭壞死患者的對側髖部會發(fā)生疾病。在存在系統(tǒng)性危險因素的情況下,一側髖關節(jié)的磨損尚未得到充分研究,可能是由于亞臨床表現(xiàn)、髖關節(jié)之間磨損模式的差異、對癥狀的調查不足或缺乏協(xié)調的隨訪。糖皮質激素類固醇的使用是股骨頭壞死的第二個最常見原因。已經提出了這種關聯(lián)的幾種潛在機制,包括骨基質和軟骨變性、誘導干細胞異常、脂質代謝的變化、脂肪栓塞的產生、凝血改變。薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),服用大劑量皮質類固醇的患者風險增加多達10倍;當累積劑量超過10g時,股骨頭壞死的風險增加一倍;而使用大劑量皮質類固醇患者每日劑量每增加10毫克股骨頭壞死風險就會增加3.6%。皮質類固醇也與成骨細胞死亡和成骨細胞增殖減少有關,損害修復和替換骨壞死病變的能力。酒精據(jù)推測,酒精會通過改變脂質代謝和增加脂肪生成來發(fā)揮(導致股骨頭壞死的)作用。據(jù)推測,脂質生成的增加會增加脂肪栓塞導致血管閉塞的風險。此外,血脂升高會導致骨髓堵塞、骨內壓升高和血流量減少。酒精也可能導致骨細胞死亡。一項研究還表明,與酒精性股骨頭壞死患者相比,酒精性股骨頭壞死患者的皮質醇水平升高。特發(fā)性股骨頭壞死對照受試者,表明酒精引起的股骨頭壞死可能通過類固醇途徑起作用。之前有研究指出,每天飲酒超過400mL的患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的風險高出11倍。高脂血癥高脂血癥被認為會增加骨內壓并產生脂肪栓塞,從而減少受影響區(qū)域的血液供應。一項針對老年人低能量股骨頸骨折的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的患者血脂異常率高于未發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的患者。一項針對急性淋巴細胞白血病(ALL)患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂血癥是發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的危險因素。一項類似的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂血癥和系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)患者與股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生有關。系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡SLE與股骨頭壞死的關聯(lián)與頻繁的皮質類固醇治療有關;然而,最近的分析顯示,患有SLE的皮質類固醇使用者的股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率高于未患SLE的皮質類固醇使用者,這表明存在協(xié)同效應。SLE研究的薈萃分析已發(fā)現(xiàn)SLE中的許多非皮質類固醇危險因素,特別是腎臟受累和中樞神經系統(tǒng)(CNS)疾病?;旌蠑?shù)據(jù)表明,抗磷脂抗體的促血栓作用在SLE股骨頭壞死的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮作用。最近對兒童期發(fā)病的SLE的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)了顯著的股骨頭壞死關聯(lián),估計6%至8.4%的兒童期發(fā)病的SLE患者會發(fā)生股骨頭壞死,盡管大多數(shù)患者直到青春期后才發(fā)現(xiàn)(并確診)股骨頭壞死。鐮狀細胞性貧血癥對鐮狀細胞病與股骨頭壞死之間關系的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),每100名鐮狀細胞病患者中就有2至4.5例發(fā)生股骨頭壞死。低氧環(huán)境中血紅蛋白S的沉淀可能會導致血管閉塞和骨骼缺血,從而導致股骨頭壞死。與鐮狀細胞病中其他血管閉塞性損傷的發(fā)展類似。最近的一項研究支持這一理論,指出血紅蛋白水平升高是鐮狀細胞病患者股骨頭壞死的危險因素,并表明血管閉塞、高血液粘度、缺氧和并發(fā)的α地中海貧血會導致股骨頭壞死。戈謝病最近對戈謝登記處的一項評估估計,股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生率為30%。戈謝病可能通過與鐮狀細胞病類似的途徑發(fā)揮作用,受戈謝影響的細胞會阻礙血流或通過增加骨內壓,因為它們在體內積聚。此外,戈謝細胞可以釋放破骨細胞激活細胞因子,破壞骨形成和吸收的平衡。酶替代可以減輕或延遲股骨頭壞死的癥狀;然而,一項研究表明,骨髓可能是戈謝細胞的“避難所”,導致部分患者盡管接受治療,仍容易發(fā)生股骨頭壞死。減壓病減壓病相關的股骨頭壞死或氣壓異常性股骨頭壞死是由于長時間處于高壓環(huán)境后快速減壓而發(fā)生的??焖贉p壓會在血液中形成氣泡,因為溶解的氮氣會從溶液中逸出。氮氣在脂肪組織中的高溶解度使得骨髓特別容易受到影響。已經提出了多種機制,包括直接阻塞骨髓血流和骨內壓升高減少有效血流。最近一項針對患有肌肉骨骼減壓病的潛水員的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),26%的病例存在氣壓不足性股骨頭壞死的證據(jù),盡管研究受到這種情況相對罕見的限制。急性淋巴細胞白血病ALL患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的風險增加,前瞻性研究中影像學發(fā)生率達到71.8%。ALL患者發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的最大單一因素是青春期,這表明ALL或其治療對骨骼的生長和發(fā)育、重塑有影響。也有可能是代謝和生長時期的變化放大了易感性。老年人占股骨頭壞死診斷患者的一小部分,他們經常接受改良的治療方案,與年輕人相比,總體結果更差。最近的一項兒童白血病研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與單純化療相比,接受造血干細胞移植(HSCT)治療的患者股骨頭壞死發(fā)生率更高(6.8%比1.4%),這表明治療方法會影響股骨頭壞死的發(fā)展。此外,對治療方案的審查發(fā)現(xiàn),患有任何血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤兒童的激素累積劑量的增加發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的危險因素。對治療策略的回顧表明,使用不連續(xù)的激素治療方案可能會降低股骨頭壞死的風險,而甲氨蝶呤和天冬酰胺酶等非激素化療藥物可能會導致股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生。一項隔周地塞米松試驗與持續(xù)治療高危ALL兒童相比,降低了股骨頭壞死的風險。移植最近的一項研究表明,移植患者中的股骨頭壞死是由激素介導的,發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的腎移植患者的累積激素劑量高于未發(fā)生股骨頭壞死的腎移植患者。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著環(huán)孢素的引入和激素使用的減少,癥狀性股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生率從20%下降到5%以下。艾滋病病毒多項研究表明,艾滋病毒患者股骨頭壞死的發(fā)病率不斷上升,其風險幾乎是普通人群的三倍。最近的一項研究表明,高活性抗逆轉錄病毒治療與股骨頭壞死的發(fā)生之間存在密切關聯(lián),盡管作者警告說,這種關聯(lián)并不意味著病理作用。其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn)股骨頭壞死與抗逆轉錄病毒治療(ART)之間沒有關聯(lián),而與酒精、高脂血癥或低最低CD4計數(shù)有關,盡管其機制尚不清楚。遺傳參與盡管已經發(fā)現(xiàn)了股骨頭壞死的家族變異和一些相關基因,但尚未確定單一的相關基因。一個候選基因是II型膠原蛋白的突變,盡管尚未確定明確的因果關系。與健康骨骼相比,壞死區(qū)域中發(fā)現(xiàn)骨保護素水平升高,RANK/RANK配體表達降低,這表明破骨細胞的潛在作用。在多項研究中,因子VLeiden突變和凝血酶原突變與股骨頭壞死患者相關,表明凝血功能改變的潛在作用。對選定人群的全基因組關聯(lián)研究已經確定了幾個感興趣的位點,包括ALL、皮質類固醇誘導的股骨頭壞死患者中谷氨酸受體基因附近的變異簇,以及幾個意義不明的位點,這些位點可能與凝血途徑有關,脂質代謝,或飲酒行為。特發(fā)性股骨頭壞死值得注意的是,估計20%至40%的股骨頭壞死病例是特發(fā)性的(無明確病因)。原因不明的高比例可能是由于非特異性早期癥狀和非快速進展的病程,(因而會)妨礙早期診斷,以及缺乏標準化報告和數(shù)據(jù)收集,這可能有助于揭示少見的病因和聯(lián)系。臨床表現(xiàn)和診斷診斷股骨頭壞死的早期階段通常無癥狀,但查體時也可能出現(xiàn)髖部或腹股溝的放射痛以及髖關節(jié)活動范圍有限。股骨頭壞死的診斷主要基于影像學,盡管查體和病史(采集)對于收集髖關節(jié)周圍(其他病變)和潛在病因很重要。X線片是識別股骨頭壞死病例的合適的一線方法,其優(yōu)點包括低成本、高可用性以及對中期和晚期疾病足夠的敏感性。為了準確起見,建議采用正位和“蛙式位”側視圖。在疾病早期的情況下,放射線檢查可能不足以識別早期或微小的變化。MRI是診斷股骨頭壞死的標準,因為它對發(fā)病早期病變具有很高的敏感性。補充成像,包括彌散加權MRI和釓增強灌注MRI可能會進一步提高MRI的診斷能力。灌注MRI可能有助于區(qū)分影像學和癥狀相似的情況,例如骨髓水腫和軟骨下功能不全骨折。在患有髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的兒科患者中,灌注MRI有助于識別閉合復位/人字形石膏脫外固定后有股骨頭壞死風險的患者。此外,全身骨掃描患有多灶性股骨頭壞死風險的患者提供了一種選擇,如接受全身性皮質類固醇或免疫抑制劑的患者。鑒別診斷骨髓水腫綜合征骨髓水腫綜合征(BMES)表現(xiàn)為突發(fā)疼痛,沒有明顯的誘發(fā)事件。影像學顯示,與股骨頭壞死的局部區(qū)域相比,BMES顯示彌漫性水腫。一些研究表明BMES可能先于股骨頭壞死發(fā)生。軟骨下不全骨折軟骨下不全骨折的表現(xiàn)(與股骨頭壞死)類似,但發(fā)生在受傷后。盡管這兩種情況都呈現(xiàn)低信號軟骨下帶,但股骨頭壞死成像呈現(xiàn)平滑的凹線,而骨折則呈現(xiàn)鋸齒狀、不連續(xù)的凸面。保守治療不太可能改善骨折癥狀,并且這兩種情況都可能發(fā)展到需要進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)。(股骨頭)腫瘤雖然罕見,但透明細胞軟骨肉瘤和軟骨母細胞瘤可在股骨頭中出現(xiàn)射線可透的病變。這些病癥不伴有股骨頭壞死或其他類似病癥(例如BMES)中出現(xiàn)的水腫。分類系統(tǒng)和分期最流行的股骨頭壞死分期系統(tǒng)是Ficat分期。Ficat系統(tǒng)于1964年開發(fā),后來進行了修改,包括使用MRI,根據(jù)平片上的表現(xiàn)將股骨頭壞死患者分為0至4期。盡管該系統(tǒng)被廣泛接受并經常使用,但批評者認為其局限性在于使用臨床癥狀、觀察者間一致性較低和缺乏預測(效力)。賓夕法尼亞大學開發(fā)該系統(tǒng)的目的是為了更清楚地描述股骨頭壞死的進展,并通過為放射學前疾病添加0期,根據(jù)新月征的不存在(II)或存在(III)將FicatII期分為兩個階段,并將FicatIV期分為兩個階段:扁平化,關節(jié)間隙變窄,從而促進各階段之間的區(qū)別僅(V)以及關節(jié)畸形和關節(jié)間隙閉塞(VI)。骨循環(huán)研究協(xié)會(ARCO)系統(tǒng)與Ficat密切相關,但將MRI結果納入I期并根據(jù)關節(jié)間隙的程度劃分II期。股骨頭變平(如果<2毫米則為IIIA,如果>2毫米則為IIIB)。ARCO系統(tǒng)最近根據(jù)國際專家工作組進行了修訂,以更好地結合MRI和X線片的結果。對不同分期系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),任何分類系統(tǒng)對于股骨頭壞死分期都是有價值且充分的,只要收集必要的數(shù)據(jù)以允許轉換為另一個指標。為了患者評估和治療的目的,最重要的分類是塌陷前與塌陷前股骨頭碎裂,因為這是指導保守治療與髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的依據(jù)。出于研究目的(特別是收集注冊數(shù)據(jù)),我們建議使用更新的ARCO指南,因為它們有效地使用多種成像模式并描繪階段之間較小的變化。這可以更詳細地跟蹤疾病進展,并且可能有助于提供更清晰的答案,因為新療法的有效性得到了評估。治療方案進展風險評估進展風險對于確定適當?shù)闹委熯x擇很重要。盡管對于明確預測塌陷的系統(tǒng)尚未達成共識,但對嘗試策略的審查發(fā)現(xiàn),病變體積增加、壞死>40%的承重表面以及壞死弧度>200至250度提示未來的塌陷。觀察最保守的治療方法——觀察——被認為是治療股骨頭壞死的一種可能方法。有一些證據(jù)表明小的早期股骨頭壞死病變可自行消退。與觀察相結合,通常建議限制負重,盡管這尚未顯示出作為主要治療方式的實用性。一項將觀察作為策略的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),股骨頭壞死四年內的失敗率超過80%,不建議作為晚期病變的獨立治療方法。非手術治療藥物一直是股骨頭壞死治療的主要手段,但最近其有效性受到質疑。二磷酸鹽是藥物治療的熱門選擇,通過抑制破骨細胞活性發(fā)揮作用。關于二磷酸鹽使用的研究顯示了不同的結果。盡管一些早期研究表明二磷酸鹽具有積極作用,但最近的一項大型多中心隨機對照試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)阿侖膦酸鈉和安慰劑之間沒有差異。此外,對5項隨機對照試驗的薈萃分析顯示,類似的發(fā)現(xiàn),幾乎沒有證據(jù)支持二磷酸鹽的功效。二磷酸鹽的主要用途是在疾病的早期階段,隨著股骨頭壞死的進展,二磷酸鹽并不優(yōu)于手術。研究已確定他汀類藥物在延緩股骨頭壞死方面發(fā)揮有益作用的多種潛在機制,包括降脂作用、增加自噬、抑制過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ以及激活Wnt信號通路。他汀類藥物與多種藥物聯(lián)合使用可有效發(fā)揮作用。髓心減壓(CD)手術,可以改善股骨頭壞死的臨床和放射學進展。其他非手術方式已經提出了其他幾種治療股骨頭壞死的方式,并取得了不同程度的成功。飲食改變或硫辛酸補充劑等脂質調節(jié)劑在試驗中顯示出一些積極的結果,但沒有足夠的證據(jù)推薦它們作為主要治療策略。高壓氧治療、脈沖電磁場和體外沖擊波療法已獲得一些積極的成果,但對其有效性的分歧使得它們難以推薦。保髖手術治療髓心減壓CD用于治療股骨頭壞死,以降低骨內壓,促進血流增加和骨生成。Ficat在他對股骨頭壞死和髓心減壓CD手術的早期描述中指出,髓內壓力增加,髓心減壓CD釋放髓內壓力,如果在病變進展早期得到治療,可以緩解疼痛并最終恢復血流。盡管早期的髓心減壓CD研究對其有效性尚不明確,但最近的研究顯示出顯著的益處。對短期和長期結果的研究表明,與更保守的治療方案相比,接受髓心減壓CD治療的患者有所改善,并且延遲了全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)時間。與許多治療一樣,在疾病早期階段使用時,這些結果更為積極。高達100%的髖關節(jié)存活3年,高達96%的早期疾病存活10年。更準確地說,髓心減壓CD在股骨頭壞死方面顯示出積極的結果,顯示無塌陷、中央病變和小尺寸(合并壞死)角度<250°。當與移植物和細胞治療相結合時,這些結果可能會更加有益。血管化和非血管化骨移植非血管化骨移植涉及放置骨移植材料以提供結構支撐,目的是降低骨內壓力并防止股骨頭壞死早期階段的塌陷。血管化骨移植(VBG)還尋求增加血液供應。通過將來自髂骨、脛骨或腓骨的非血管化同種異體皮質移植物或來自髂嵴、腓骨或大轉子的血管化移植物放置到為手術或髓心減壓CD手術創(chuàng)建的髓心空間中來完成移植。無血管化骨移植已顯示出一定的成功率,特別是對于較小的病變,在多項研究中,經過2至9年的隨訪,成功率為55%至87%。血管化骨移植(VBG)顯示(在塌陷前病變中)5年髖關節(jié)存活率為80%或14年后類似患者中的60%,需要全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的比例較低。然而,血管化骨移植(VBG)的益處主要在沒有明顯塌陷的較小病變中實現(xiàn)。正在進行的研究評估了使用或不使用生物因子的合成支架增強整合和骨骼生長。盡管尚未找到明確的解決方案,但許多有機、無機和生物材料的開發(fā)前景廣闊。輔助治療由于股骨頭壞死被認為是由骨再生缺陷引起的,因此有人建議使用干細胞治療來阻止或逆轉其發(fā)病機制。研究表明,接受自體干細胞移植治療的患者放射學進展率較低,全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)需求也較低。在早期研究中,自體干細胞移植與髓心減壓CD相結合顯示,股骨頭塌陷時間平均延遲了10年(最多17年)。此外,細胞療法可以與髓心減壓CD等其他療法相結合。一項研究表明,除了同種異體移植物和/或骨移植物之外,骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(BMP)在改善骨形成和限制股骨頭壞死進展方面也有益處。保髖截骨術截骨術是通過減輕壞死或壞死前區(qū)域的負重來延緩股骨頭壞死的進展,以防止塌陷。為此,將承重的股骨頭壞死區(qū)域傾斜或旋轉,以將主要壓力施加在股骨頭非壞死區(qū)域上。股骨頭旋轉截骨術(3至15年期間的成功率為82%至100%)和(內外翻、前伸后屈)成角截骨術(6至18年期間的成功率為82%至98%)顯示出極高的成功率。然而,如果有必要的話,未來的全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)可能會在截骨術后變得困難。帳篷植入和改變的解剖結構.69髖關節(jié)置換術髖關節(jié)表面置換術對于晚期股骨頭壞死來說,髖關節(jié)表面置換是最簡單的選擇,涉及用人造材料替換關節(jié)表面以保留自然解剖結構。然而,由于材料引起的并發(fā)癥以及可能導致股骨頭壞死進展,表面置換不再用作股骨頭壞死的治療方法。全髖關節(jié)置換術全髖關節(jié)置換術是目前治療股骨頭壞死的唯一有效方法。然而,潛在的缺點需要仔細考慮。全髖關節(jié)置換術并不是永久的解決方案,盡管它們可能有利于老年患者盡早減少累積手術,但大多數(shù)股骨頭壞死患者相對年輕。鑒于這一人群,如果在診斷時更換關節(jié),患者在以后的生活中可能需要再次進行髖關節(jié)置換術或翻修術。髖關節(jié)置換術的建議包括晚期疾病、持續(xù)進展和持續(xù)的誘發(fā)因素。盡管因股骨頭壞死而接受全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的患者比因骨關節(jié)炎接受全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的患者有更多的合并癥和更復雜的住院時間,但長期隨訪顯示出相似的結果:兩組之間的假體存活率、骨長入和無菌性松動等并發(fā)癥無明顯差異。然而,其他研究表明,與髖骨關節(jié)炎OA患者相比,接受全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的股骨頭壞死患者敗血癥、輸血需求和再入院率增加。最近的分析顯示,結果有所改善,超過90%的股骨頭壞死全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)存活4至7年,而1990年之前的存活率為8%至37%,這可能是由于手術中使用的植入物和材料的改進。文獻在檢查病因方面有限。值得注意的是,對需要進行全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)的股骨頭壞死患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),46.6%的患者將繼續(xù)接受全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)治療。需要對側全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA),特別是如果對側髖關節(jié)在第一次全髖關節(jié)置換術(THA)時有股骨頭壞死的影像學證據(jù),表明需要密切隨訪??偨Y股骨頭壞死仍然是一種病因、治療和發(fā)育特征存在廣泛差異的疾病。由于發(fā)病率持續(xù)上升,因此有必要加強對病理生理學的了解,以促進新療法和正確治療方案的發(fā)展。盡管骨移植和干細胞治療等領域正在取得有希望的發(fā)展,但該領域仍然缺乏一致意見的治療方案,來為股骨頭壞死患者提供最高的生活質量并延緩他們發(fā)展為衰弱性損傷、股骨頭塌陷或髖關節(jié)置換術。為了更有效地了解這種疾病過程,需要更多數(shù)據(jù)。國家登記處將是確定診斷和治療方向的最完整的系統(tǒng)。在缺乏這種協(xié)調努力的情況下,機構登記和大型隊列研究將有助于在這一領域取得進展。在治療領域,有許多潛在的改進途徑。骨修復方面的有前景的進步(例如合成代謝藥物)可能在促進愈合中發(fā)揮作用。此外,針對同時發(fā)生的情況進行更有針對性的治療可能會減少類固醇和化療引起的股骨頭壞死的繼發(fā)性發(fā)展。隨著對病因、預防和治療的廣泛研究,我們有理由期望在減輕這種疾病的負擔方面取得進展。OsteonecrosisoftheFemoralHeadAbstractOsteonecrosisofthefemoralheadisaprogressiveanddebilitatingconditionwithawidevarietyofetiologiesincludingtrauma,steroiduse,andalcoholintake.DiagnosisandstagingarebasedonimagingincludingMRIatanystageandplainradiographyinmoreadvancedlesions.Theonlydefinitivetreatmentistotalhiparthroplasty,althoughnumeroustreatmentsincludingdisphosphonatesandcoredecompressionareusedtodelaytheprogression.Lackofsatisfactoryconservativemeasuressuggeststheneedforadditionalresearchofosteonecrosisincludinglargepatientregistriestofurtherunderstandthiscondition.Osteonecrosisisaprogressivedisorderinwhichlackofsufficientbloodsupplyleadstocelldeath,fracture,andcollapseoftheaffectedarea.Theconditionisfrequentlyassociatedwiththefemoralhead,whereprogressioncanbedebilitatingandcanultimatelynecessitatetotalhiparthroplasty(THA).Theetiologyofosteonecrosisiscomplexwithnumerouscontributingagents,mostmarkedlytrauma,steroiduse,andalcohol.Treatmentofosteonecrosisiscontroversialbecausenooptionhasbeenoverwhelminglyembraced,andlittleresearchhascomparedtreatments.Researchersestimatetotalhiparthroplasty(THA)t20,000newcasesofosteonecrosisarediagnosedintheUnitedStateseachyear.1Theincreasingincidenceanddebilitatingprogressionofosteonecrosissuggesttheneedforadditionalinvestigationofeffectiveandnoveltreatments,aswellastheneedforclearerunderstandingofavailabletreatments.Thisreviewcharacterizesthecurrentknowledgeonetiology,pathophysiology,epidemiology,andclinicalmanagementofosteonecrosis,withanemphasisonrecentdevelopments.EpidemiologyTheincidenceofosteonecrosisintheUnitedStateshasbeenestimatedat~20000to30000casesperyear,affectingprimarilyyoungadultsbetweentheagesof20to40years.1Recentanalysishasshowntotalhiparthroplasty(THA)talthoughthenumberoftotalhiparthroplasty(THA)sdoneforosteonecrosishasincreasedbetween2001and2010(from54.2per100,000hospitaladmissionto60.6per100,000hospitaladmission),thepercentageoftotalhiparthroplasty(THA)sdoneforosteonecrosishasdecreasedfrom9.7%to8.3%,likelybecauseoftherapidincreaseinosteoarthritisnecessitatingtotalhiparthroplasty(THA).2PathophysiologyandPathogenesisGeneralPathogenesisOsteonecrosisoccursbecauseofcompromisedbloodfloworoxygendeliverytothebone,althoughtheclinicalpresentationisaresultoftherepairprocess,rathertotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ninitialischemia.Inosteonecrosis,boneformationbyosteoblastsisunabletomatchboneresorptionbyosteoclasts.Thisremodelingimbalancedoesnotadequatelyreplacethenecroticbone,leavingaregionofstructurallyunsoundbonetissues.3TraumaTraumaisthemostcommoncauseofosteonecrosis,4disruptingbloodflowandleadingtoosteocytedeath.Estimatesofoccurrenceoftraumaticosteonecrosisofthefemoralheadvarydependingontheinjurytype5;however,inmeta-analysisoftraumaticosteonecrosis,incidencehasbeenfoundtobeashighas14.3%.6TheGardenclassificationcategorizesfemoralneckfracturesandcanbeusedtoestimatetheriskofosteonecrosis.GardenI(incompletefracture)andGardenII(completeandnondisplaced)areconsideredstableandlowrisk,andcanberepairedwithinternalfixation.GardenIII(completeandpartiallydisplaced)andGardenIV(completeandcompletelydisplaced)havemuchhigherratesofosteonecrosiswithinternalfixation(16%),andarthroplastyshouldbeconsidered.7Intertrochanterichipfracturesresultinalowriskofosteonecrosis,notedat0.95%aftera1-yearfollow-up.8AtraumaticOsteonecrosisAtraumaticosteonecrosisencompassesadiversearrayofcauses.Itisimportanttonotetotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tinatraumaticosteonecrosis,diseaseisfrequentlybilateralowingtosystemicriskfactors,withsomeestimatessuggestingashighas70%ofthepatientswithunilateralosteonecrosisdevelopingdiseaseinthecontralateralhip.9,10Thereasonsforthesparingofonehipinthepresenceofasystemicriskfactorarenotwellstudiedandmaybebecauseofsubclinicalpresentation,differencesinwearpatternsbetweenhips,underinvestigationofsymptoms,orlackofcoordinatedfollow-up.GlucocorticoidsSteroiduseisthesecondmostcommoncauseofosteonecrosis.11,12Severalpotentialmechanismshavebeenproposedforthisassociation,includingbonematrixandcartilagedegeneration,inducedstemcellabnormalities,changesinlipidmetabolism,creationoffatemboli,alteredcoagulation,andchangesinbloodsupply.11,12Meta-analysisfoundupto10timesincreasedriskofpatientsonhigh-dosecorticosteroids,adoublingofriskforosteonecrosiswhenthecumulativedoseexceeds10g,anda0%increaseinriskwitheach10mgincreaseofdailydose.13Corticosteroidshavealsobeenimplicatedinosteoblastdeathanddecreasedosteoblastproliferation,impairingtheabilitytorepairandreplacenecroticlesions.11AlcoholAlcoholishypothesizedtoactthroughalteredlipidmetabolismandincreasedadipogenesis.14Itishypothesizedtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tincreasedgenerationoflipidsincreasestheriskforfatembolileadingtovascularocclusion.Inaddition,increasedserumlipidscancausepackingofthemarrow,increasingintraosseouspressureanddecreasingbloodflow.5,12Alcoholmayalsocontributetoosteocytedeath.5Astudyhasalsoshownincreasedcortisollevelsinpatientswithalcohol-inducedosteonecrosiscomparedwithidiopathicosteonecrosiscontrolsubjects,suggestingtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)talcohol-inducedosteonecrosismayactthroughthesteroidpathway.15Previousestimatesnotedan11timeshigherriskofosteonecrosisinconsumersof>400mLofalcoholdaily.16HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemiaisthoughttodecreasethebloodsupplytoaffectedregionsbyincreasingintraosseouspressureandproducingfatemboli.4Onestudyoflow-energyfemoralneckfracturesintheelderlyfoundhigherbloodlipidabnormalitiesinthosewhodevelopedosteonecrosistotalhiparthroplasty(THA)nthosewhodidnot.17Astudyofpatientswithacutelymphoblasticleukemia(ALL)identifiedhyperlipidemiaasariskfactorfordevelopingosteonecrosis.18Asimilarstudyfoundassociationwithosteonecrosisdevelopmentinpatientswithhyperlipidemiaandsystemiclupuserythematosus(SLE).19SystemicLupusErythematosusTheassociationofSLEwithosteonecrosisisrelatedtofrequentcorticosteroidtreatment;however,recentanalysishasshownhigherincidenceofosteonecrosisincorticosteroiduserswithSLEtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)nincorticosteroiduserswithoutSLE,suggestingsynergisticeffects.20Meta-analysisofSLEstudieshasidentifiednumerousnoncorticosteroidriskfactorsinSLE,notablyrenalinvolvementandcentralnervoussystem(CNS)disease.21,22Mixeddatasuggesttotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ttheprothromboticeffectsofantiphospholipidantibodiesplayaroleinosteonecrosisdevelopmentinSLE.Recentmeta-analysisofchildhood-onsetSLEfoundnotableosteonecrosisassociation,withestimatestotalhiparthroplasty(THA)t6to8.4%ofthepatientswithchildhood-onsetSLEdeveloposteonecrosis,23althoughmostdidnotdeveloposteonecrosisuntilafterpuberty.21SickleCellDiseaseStudiesoftheassociationbetweensicklecelldiseaseandosteonecrosishaveidentified2to4.5casesofosteonecrosisper100patientswithsicklecelldisease.24PrecipitationofhemoglobinSinlow-oxygenenvironmentsmayleadtovaso-occlusionandischemiaofthebone,whichissimilartothedevelopmentofothervaso-occlusiveinjuryinsicklecelldisease.5Arecentstudysupportsthistheory,citingelevatedhemoglobinlevelsasariskfactorforosteonecrosisinpatientswithsicklecelldiseaseandsuggestingtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tvaso-occlusion,highbloodviscosity,hypoxia,andconcurrentalpha-totalhiparthroplasty(THA)lassemiacontributetoosteonecrosis.25GaucherDiseaseArecentevaluationoftheGaucherRegistryestimatedtheincidenceofosteonecrosisat30%.26Gaucherdiseasemayactthroughasimilarpathtototalhiparthroplasty(THA)tofsicklecelldisease,withGaucher-affectedcellsobstructingthebloodflow27orbyincreasingintraosseouspressurebecausetheyaccumulateinthefattymarrow.3Inaddition,Gauchercellscanreleaseosteoclast-activatingcytokineswhichdisruptthebalanceofboneformationandresorption.26Enzymereplacementcanreduceordelaythesymptomsofosteonecrosis28;however,astudyhassuggestedtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tthebonemarrowmayserveasa“sanctuarysite”forGauchercells,leavingasubsetofpatientsvulnerabletoosteonecrosisdespitetreatment.29DecompressionSicknessDecompressionsickness–relatedosteonecrosisordysbaricosteonecrosisoccursbecauseofrapiddecompressionafteranextendedperiodinahyperbaricenvironment.Rapiddecompressionformsbubblesinthebloodstreambecausedissolvednitrogencomesoutofthesolution.Thehighsolubilityofnitrogeninfattytissuesmakesthemarrowparticularlysusceptible.Multiplemechanismshavebeenproposed,includingdirectocclusionofbloodflowtothemarrowandtheincreaseinintraosseouspressurereducingeffectivebloodflow.30Arecentstudyofdiverswithmusculoskeletaldecompressionsicknessfoundevidenceofdysbaricosteonecrosisin26%ofthecases,althoughthestudywaslimitedbytherelativerarityofthiscondition.31AcuteLymphoblasticLeukemiaPatientswithALLshowanincreasedriskofosteonecrosis,withradiographicincidencereaching71.8%inprospectivestudies.32ThesinglelargestfactoridentifiedinthedevelopmentofosteonecrosisinpatientswithALLisadolescence,suggestinganeffectofALLoritstreatmentonthegrowthandremodelingofthebone.Itisalsopossibletotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ttheoccurrenceofthistimeofchangingmetabolismandgrowthmagnifiessusceptibilitytoosteonecrosis-causingdamagefromotherfactors.33Olderadults,whomakeupasmallportionofthosediagnosedwithosteonecrosis,oftenundergomodifiedtreatmentregimensandhaveworseoveralloutcomescomparedwiththeiryoungercounterparts.34Arecentstudyofchildhoodleukemiasfoundhigherincidenceofosteonecrosisinpatientstreatedwithhematopoieticstemcelltransplant(HSCT)versuschemotherapyalone(6.8%versus1.4%),suggestingtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ttreatmentmethodsinfluenceosteonecrosisdevelopment.35Inaddition,areviewoftreatmentregimensidentifiedincreasedcumulativedoseofsteroidsasariskfactorfordevelopingosteonecrosisinchildrenwithanyhematologicmalignancy.36Areviewoftreatmentstrategiessuggestedtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ttheuseofdiscontinuoussteroidregimensmaydecreasetheriskofosteonecrosisandnonsteroidchemotherapeuticagentssuchasmethotrexateandasparaginasemaycontributetothedevelopmentofosteonecrosis.37Onetrialofalternateweekdexametotalhiparthroplasty(THA)sonereducedtheriskofosteonecrosiscomparedwithcontinuoustreatmentinchildrenwithhigh-riskALL.38TransplantationArecentstudysuggestssteroid-mediateddevelopmentofosteonecrosisintransplantpatients,findingcumulativesteroiddosestobehigherinrenaltransplantpatientswhodevelopedosteonecrosistotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ninthosewhodidnot.Thestudyalsofoundtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ttheincidenceofsymptomaticosteonecrosisdecreasedfrom20%tolesstotalhiparthroplasty(THA)n5%withtheintroductionofcyclosporineandadecreaseinsteroidusage.39HIVMultiplestudiesshowagrowingincidenceofosteonecrosisinpatientswithHIV,showingnearlythreetimestheriskofthegeneralpopulation.40Onerecentstudyrevealedastrongassociationbetweenhigh-activityantiretroviraltherapyanddevelopmentofosteonecrosis,althoughtheauthorscautiontotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ttheassociationdoesnotimplyapathologicrole.40Otherstudieshavefoundnoassociationbetweenosteonecrosisandantiretroviraltherapy(ART),citinginsteadassociationwithalcohol,hyperlipidemia,41orlownadirCD4counts,42althoughthemechanismisnotwellunderstood.GeneticInvolvementAlthoughfamilialvariantsofosteonecrosisandsomeassociatedgeneshavebeenfound,nosingleresponsiblegenehasbeenidentified.OnegenecandidateisamutationintypeIIcollagen,althoughnodefinitivecausalityhasbeenestablished.43ElevatedlevelsofosteoprotegerinanddecreasedexpressionofRANK/RANKligandhavebeenfoundinnecroticregionscomparedwithhealthybone,suggestingapotentialroleofosteoclast-regulatinggenes.44FactorVLeidenmutationsandprothrombinmutationshavebeenassociatedwithpatientswithosteonecrosisinmultiplestudies,43invokingapotentialroleofalteredcoagulation.Genome-wideassociationstudiesofselectedpopulationshaveidentifiedseverallociofinterest,includingclustersofvariantsnearglutamatereceptorgenesinpatientswithALL,45corticosteroid-inducedosteonecrosis,33andseverallociofunknownsignificance,whichmayberelatedtocoagulationpathways,lipidmetabolism,oralcoholdrinkingbehavior.46IdiopathicOsteonecrosisItisimportanttonotetotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tanestimated20%to40%ofosteonecrosiscasesareidiopathic.47Thishighrateofanunknowncausemaybeduetononspecificearlysymptomsandindolentcourse,whichpreventearlydiagnosis,9aswellaslackofstandardizedreportinganddatacollection,whichmayhelptoreveallittleunderstoodcausesandconnections.ClinicalManifestationsandDiagnosisDiagnosisTheearlystagesofosteonecrosisofthefemoralheadarefrequentlyasymptomaticbutmayalsopresentwithradiatingpainfromthehiporgroinandlimitedrangeofmotionofthejointonphysicalexamination.47Diagnosisofosteonecrosisisprimarilybasedonimaging,althoughexaminationandhistoryareimportanttogathersurroundingcontextandpotentialetiology.5Aplainradiographisanappropriatefirst-linemodalityforidentifyingcasesofosteonecrosis,withbenefitsincludinglowcost,highavailability,andadequatesensitivityformid-stageandlate-stagedisease.48Frontalandlateral“frog-leg”viewsarerecommendedforaccuracy.Inthecaseofearly-stagedisease,radiographymaybeinsufficienttoidentifyearlyorminimalchanges.MRIisthebenchmarkfordiagnosisofosteonecrosisbecauseofitshighsensitivityforearlysignsofonset.Supplementalimaging,includingdiffusion-weightedMRI49andgadolinium-enhancedperfusionMRI,50,51mayfurtheradvancethediagnosticcapabilitiesofMRI.PerfusionMRImayassistindistinguishingbetweenradiographicallyandsymptomaticallysimilarconditionssuchasbonemarrowedemaandsubchondralinsufficiencyfractures.52Inpediatricpatientswithdevelopmentaldysplasiaofthehip,perfusionMRIwashelpfulinidentifyingthoseatriskforosteonecrosisafterclosedreduction/spicacasting.53Inaddition,awhole-bodybonescanprovidesanoptionforpatientsatriskformultifocalosteonecrosis,suchasthosereceivingsystemiccorticosteroidsorimmunosuppressants.54DifferentialDiagnosisBoneMarrowEdemaSyndromeBonemarrowedemasyndrome(BMES)presentsassuddenpainwithoutaclearprecipitatingevent.Onimaging,BMESshowsdiffuseedemacomparedwithmorelocalizedareasinosteonecrosis.Somestudieshavesuggestedtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tBMESmayprecedeosteonecrosis.5SubchondralInsufficiencyFractureAsubchondralinsufficiencyfracturepresentssimilarlybutoccursafteraninjury.Althoughbothconditionspresentwithlow-signalsubchondralbands,osteonecrosisimagingpresentswithasmooth,concavelinewhilethefracturepresentswithajagged,discontinuous,convexfinding.Conservativetreatmentisunlikelytoimprovefracturesymptoms,andbothconditionscanprogresstotheneedforatotalhiparthroplasty(THA).5NeoplasmAlthoughrare,clearcellchondrosarcomaandchondroblastomacanpresentwithradiolucentlesionsinthefemoralhead.TheseconditionsarenotaccompaniedbytheedemapresentinosteonecrosisorothersimilarconditionssuchasBMES.5ClassificationSystemsandStagingThemostpopularstagingsystemforosteonecrosisofthefemoralheadistheFicatclassification(Table?(Table1).1).Developedin1964andlatermodifiedtoincludetheuseofMRI,theFicatsystemclassifiespatientswithosteonecrosisasstage0to4basedontheappearanceonaplainradiograph.Althoughthissystemiswidelyacceptedandfrequentlyused,detractorscitetheuseofclinicalsymptoms,lowinterobserverconsensus,andlackofprognosticationaslimitations.55TheUniversityofPennsylvaniasystemwasdevelopedinanattempttomoreclearlydelineatetheprogressionofosteonecrosisandtopromotedistinctionsbetweenthestagesbyaddingstage0forpreradiographicdisease,dividingFicatstageIIintotwostagesbasedontheabsence(II)orpresence(III)ofacrescentsign,anddividingFicatIVintotwostages:flatteningwithjointspacenarrowingonly(V)andjointdeformityandjointspaceobliteration(VI).56TheAssociationResearchCirculationOsseous(ARCO)systemcloselyfollowsFicatwiththeexceptionoftheinclusionofMRIfindingsinstageIanddivisionofstageIIbasedontheextentoffemoralheadflattening(IIIAif<2mmandIIIBif>2mm).TheARCOsystemwasrecentlyrevisedbasedonaninternationalexperttaskforcetobetterincorporateresultsofbothMRIandplainradiography.57ThesestagingsystemsaresummarizedinTable?Table11.Systematicanalysisofdifferentstagingsystemsfoundtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tanyclassificationsystemisvaluableandsufficientforthestagingofosteonecrosis,providednecessarydataarecollectedtoallowconversiontoanothermetric.58Forthepurposesofpatientevaluationandtreatment,themostimportantclassificationisprecollapseversuscollapsebecausethisguidesdiscussionofconservativetreatmentversustotalhiparthroplasty(THA).Forresearchpurposes(especiallyforthecollectionofregistrydata),werecommendusingtheupdatedARCOguidelinesbecausetheyeffectivelyusemultipleimagingmodalitiesanddelineatesmallerchangesbetweenstages.Thisallowsforahigherlevelofdetailintrackingdiseaseprogressionandmayhelptoprovidecleareranswersbecausetheeffectivenessofnewtherapiesisevaluated.TreatmentOptionsRiskofProgressionEvaluatingriskofprogressionisimportantindetermininganappropriatetreatmentchoice(Table?(Table2).2).Althoughthereisnoconsensusonasystemtodefinitivelypredictcollapse,areviewofattemptedstrategieshasfoundincreasedlesionvolume,necrosis>40%oftheweight-bearingsurface,andnecrosisradian>200to250tobesuggestiveoffuturecollapse.59ObservationThemostconservativemanagement,observation,hasbeenconsideredasapossibleapproachtoosteonecrosis.Therehasbeensomeevidenceforspontaneousresolutionofsmallearly-stageosteonecrosislesions.60Incombinationwithobservation,restrictedweight-bearingisusuallyadvised,althoughthishasnotshownutilityasaprimarytreatmentmodality.61Astudyofobservationasastrategyinosteonecrosisofthehiphasfoundafailurerateofover80%byfouryearsandisnotrecommendedasastandalonetreatmentinadvancedlesions.62NonsurgicalTreatmentPharmacologicAgentsMedicationshavebeenamainstayofosteonecrosistreatment,butrecently,theireffectivenesshasbeenquestioned.Disphosphonatesareapopularchoiceforpharmacologictreatmentandworkbyinhibitingosteoclastactivity.Studiesoftheuseofdisphosphonateshaveshownmixedresults.63Althoughsomeearlystudiesshowedpositiveeffectsofdisphosphonates,arecentlargemulticenterrandomizedcontrolledtrialfoundnodifferencebetweenalendronateandplacebo.64Furthermore,ameta-analysisoffiverandomizedcontrolledtrialshadsimilarfindings,withlittletonoevidencesupportingtheefficacyofdisphosphonatesinthenontraumaticosteonecrosisofthefemoralhead.65Theprimaryutilityofdisphosphonatesisintheearlystagesofdisease,andtheyarenotpreferredtosurgeryasosteonecrosisprogresses.61Studieshaveidentifiedmultiplepotentialmechanismsforbeneficialeffectsofstatinsindelayingosteonecrosisincludinglipid-loweringeffects,47increasedautophagy,66suppressionofPeroxisomeproliferator-activatedreceptorγ,andactivationoftheWntsignalingpathway.67Statinshavebeeneffectiveincombinationwithmultiplecoredecompression(CD)procedures,improvingbothclinicalandradiographicprogressionofosteonecrosis.68OtherNonsurgicalModalitiesSeveralothermodalitieshavebeenproposedforthetreatmentofosteonecrosiswithvaryingsuccess.Lipidmodifierssuchasdietarychangesorlipoicacidsupplementshaveshownsomepositiveresultsintrials,butthereisinsufficientevidencetorecommendthemasprimarytreatmentstrategies.61,63Hyperbaricoxygentreatments,pulsedelectromagneticfields,andextracorporealshockwavetherapyhavebeenproposedshowingsomepositiveoutcomes,butdisagreementabouttheireffectivenessmakesthemdifficulttorecommend.47,61,69JointPreservingProceduresCoreDecompressionCDisdoneforosteonecrosisofthefemoralheadtoreduceintraosseouspressureandpromoteincreasedbloodflowandbonegenesis.Ficat,70inhisearlydescriptionsofosteonecrosisandtheCDprocedure,notedincreasedintramedullarypressures,whicharereleasedwithCDleadingtoareliefofpainandeventualrestorationofbloodflowifthelesionistreatedearlyinitsprogression.AlthougholderstudiesofCDwereequivocalaboutitseffectiveness,studyofmorerecentprocedureshasshownnotablebenefits.Studiesofbothshort-termandlong-termoutcomeshaveshownimprovementinpatientstreatedwithCDanddelayedtimetototalhiparthroplasty(THA)comparedwithmoreconservativetreatmentoptions.71Aswithmanytreatments,theseoutcomesaremorepositivewhenusedintheearlystagesofdisease,withupto100%ofhipssurviving3years69andupto96%surviving10yearsinearly-stagedisease.71Moreprecisely,CDhasshownpositiveresultsinosteonecrosisshowingnocollapse,acentrallesion,andsmallsize(combinednecroticangle<250°).72Theseoutcomesmayproveevenmorebeneficialwhenpairedwithgraftsandcell-basedtherapy.VascularizedandNonvascularizedBoneGraftingNonvascularizedbonegraftinginvolvestheplacementofbonegraftmaterialtoprovidestructuralsupportwiththeintentofreducingintraosseouspressureandpreventingcollapseinearlystagesofosteonecrosis.Vascularizedbonegrafting(VBG)alsoseekstointroduceincreasedbloodsupply.Thegraftisdonebyplacinganonvascularizedcorticalallograftfromtheilium,tibia,orfibula,73oravascularizedgraftfromtheiliaccrest,fibula,orgreatertrochanter74intoacorespacecreatedfortheprocedureorfromaCDprocedure.Nonvascularizedbonegraftinghasshownmoderatesuccess,especiallywithsmallerlesions,havinga55%to87%successratewitha2-to9-yearfollow-upacrossseveralstudies.69VBGhasshowna5-yearhipsurvivalof80%inprecollapselesionor60%after14yearsinsimilarpatients,69withlowconversiontototalhiparthroplasty(THA).75However,thebenefitsofVBGareprimarilyrealizedinsmallerlesionswithoutnotablecollapse.76Ongoingresearchhasevaluatedsyntheticscaffoldsusedwithorwithoutbiofactorstoenhanceintegrationandbonegrowth.Numerousorganic,inorganic,andbiologicmaterialshavebeendevelopedwithpromise,althoughnodefinitivesolutionhasbeenidentified.77AdjunctiveTherapyBecauseosteonecrosisisthoughttoresultfromadeficiencyofboneregeneration,useofstemcelltreatmentshasbeenproposedtohaltorreverseitspathogenesis.Studieshaveshownlowerratesofradiographicprogressionandlowerneedfortotalhiparthroplasty(THA)inpatientstreatedwithautologousstemcelltransplants.Inearlystudies,thecombinationofautologousstemcelltransplantwithCDshowedanotabledelayofanaverageof10years(upto17years)intimetocollapse.78Inaddition,celltherapycanbecombinedwithothertherapiessuchasCDand/orbonegraftsandcanpotentiallyimproveoutcomes.69Astudyhasshownbenefitsofbonemorphogeneticprotein(BMP)inadditiontoallograftand/orCDinimprovingboneformationandlimitingtheprogressiononosteonecrosis.79OsteotomyOsteotomyattemptstodelaytheprogressofosteonecrosisbyrelievingweight-bearingonnecroticorprenecroticareastopreventcollapse.Todothis,weight-bearingosteonecroticregionisangledorrotatedtoplaceprimarypressureonanon-necroticareaofthebone.Rotational(82%to100%from3to15years)andangular(82%to98%between6and18years)osteotomiesofthefemoralheadhaveshownexcellentsuccessrates.However,futuretotalhiparthroplasty(THA)canbecomedifficultifnecessarybecauseofpersistentimplantandalteredanatomy.69ArthroplastyResurfacingResurfacingofthejointsinquestionisthemostminimaloptionforadvancedosteonecrosisandinvolvesreplacingthearticularsurfacewithartificialmaterialstopreservenaturalanatomy.However,becauseofthecomplicationsfrommaterialsandpossiblecontributiontoosteonecrosisprogression,resurfacingisnolongerusedasosteonecrosistreatmentofthefemoralhead.69TotalJointArthroplastyJointarthroplastyistheonlydefinitivecureforosteonecrosisavailableatthistime;however,potentialdownsidesrequirecarefulconsideration.totalhiparthroplasty(THA)sarenotapermanentsolution,andalthoughtheymaybebeneficialearlyinolderpatientstoreducecumulativeprocedures,mostpatientswithosteonecrosisarerelativelyyoung.Giventhispopulation,ifthejointisreplacedatdiagnosis,thepatientwilllikelyneedanotherarthroplastyorrevisionlaterinlife.Recommendationsforjointarthroplastyincludeadvanceddisease,continuingprogression,andcontinuingprovocativefactors.77Althoughpatientswhohaveatotalhiparthroplasty(THA)forosteonecrosishavemorecomorbiditiesandmorecomplicatedhospitalstaystotalhiparthroplasty(THA)nthosehavingtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)forosteoarthritis,long-termfollow-uphasshownsimilaroutcomebetweenthetwogroupsforimplantsurvival,osseointegration,andcomplicationssuchasasepticloosening.80Otherstudies,however,haveshownincreasedratesofsepsis,81transfusionrequirement,andhospitalreadmissioninpatientswithosteonecrosiswhounderwenttotalhiparthroplasty(THA)comparedwithOApatients.Recentanalysishasshownimprovedoutcomes,with>90%ofosteonecrosistotalhiparthroplasty(THA)ssurviving4to7yearscomparedwith8to37%survivalratesbefore1990,possiblybecauseofimprovedimplantsandmaterialsusedintheprocedures.69Theliteratureislimitedinexaminingetiology-basedimplantsurvival,butastudyofpatientswithosteonecrosissecondarytoalcoholconsumptionshowedexcellentlong-termoutcomes.82Itisalsoimportanttonotetotalhiparthroplasty(THA)tthestudyofpatientswithosteonecrosisrequiringtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)foundtotalhiparthroplasty(THA)t46.6%ofthepatientswouldgoontorequirecontralateraltotalhiparthroplasty(THA),especiallyifthecontralateralhiphadradiographicevidenceofosteonecrosisatthetimeofthefirsttotalhiparthroplasty(THA),suggestingtheneedforaclosefollow-up.83SummaryOsteonecrosiscontinuestobeaconditionofwidelyvariantetiologies,treatments,anddevelopmentalprofiles.Becauseincidencecontinuestorise,increasedunderstandingofthepathophysiologyisnecessarytopromotedevelopmentsofnewtreatmentsandcorrectiveprocedures.Althoughpromisingdevelopmentsarebeingmadeinareassuchasbonegraftingandstemcelltherapy,thefieldcontinuestolackanagreed-uponregimentoprovidepatientswithosteonecrosisthegreatestqualityoflifeanddelaytheirprogressiontodebilitatinginjury,collapse,orjointarthroplasty.Tomoreeffectivelyunderstandthisdiseaseprocess,moredataareneeded.Anationalregistrywouldbethemostcompletesystemtodeterminediagnosticandtreatmentdirections.Intheabsenceofsuchacoordinatedeffort,institutionalregistriesandlargecohortstudieswouldhelptomakeadvancesinthisrealm.Intheareaoftreatment,therearemanypotentialavenuesforimprovement.Promisingadvancementsinbonerepairsuchasanabolicagentsmayplayaroleinpromotinghealing.Inaddition,moredirectedtherapiesforcoincidentconditionsmayreducethesecondarydevelopmentofosteonecrosisfromsteroidsandchemotherapy.Withanexpandedstudyofetiologies,prevention,andtherapy,thereisareasontohopeforadvancementsinreducingtheburdenofthisdisease.文獻出處:GaryGeorge,JosephMLane.OsteonecrosisoftheFemoralHead.JAmAcadOrthopSurgGlobResRev.2022May1;6(5):e21.00176.doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00176.2023年06月18日
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陳獻韜副主任醫(yī)師 河南省洛陽正骨醫(yī)院 股骨頭壞死科 提起股骨頭壞死,必然要談到分期,如Ficat-Arlet分期,Steinberg分期、AssociationResearchCirculationOsseous(ARCO)分期、中日友好CJFH分期等,用來幫助醫(yī)生確定股骨頭壞死的嚴重程度和治療方案的選擇。但是,股骨頭壞死分期聽上去很平常,其實卻容易判斷錯誤——影像檢查的“平面圖”需要在人腦中整合成“立體圖”。如下圖,一位48歲的男性,駕校教練,能看出點什么?影像質量對診斷的意義不言而喻,右側股骨頭壞死局部放大看:很多病人說,磁共振不是最好的檢查嗎?怎么還要常規(guī)做X線片?好吧,如果看磁共振,該病人是這樣的:壞死很明確,但塌陷能看出個錘子來?X光是平面圖,等于天空的月亮是個球體,我們這看到一幅畫,表面的月坑、背面的場景只能靠想象了。CT能夠提供更多信息:但,仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯塌陷區(qū)再看CT橫斷面:終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了蛛絲馬跡,如紅色箭頭所指,即為軟骨開裂區(qū)域。病人半年前行保守治療,未見明顯改善,為了盡快恢復正常生活,遂決定進行關節(jié)置換術。箭頭所示隆起的“軟骨脊”其實就是塌陷以后造成的,猶如地殼劇烈運動形成的山峰。打破砂鍋問到底:箭頭所示區(qū)域即為壞死骨,可見壞死骨和軟骨下骨已經整體剝離。小結典型的股骨頭壞死塌陷診斷非常容易,確定明顯塌陷股骨頭壞死的治療方案也沒什么困難。即將塌陷(高塌陷風險)或者剛剛塌陷股骨頭壞死的診斷非常重要,這關系到治療方案的選擇是否合理。大面積壞死的2期非常容易進展到3期,是否有軟骨下骨的節(jié)裂、是否有頭內骨小梁的斷裂,決定著診斷為2期還是3期,決定著治療方案是否為最恰當?shù)倪x項。然后,這一點很容易搞錯,破解方法之一便是依靠CT檢查。這也是X線片和磁共振檢查的不足之處。很多病人不愿意多做檢查,往往認為是醫(yī)生為了檢查而檢查;事實上,各種檢查方法之間各有其優(yōu)缺點,相互驗證才能彌補不足,得到最真實的信息。通過對患者的病史、癥狀及其它相關臨床因素進行綜合分析,采用合理的影像學檢查技術,能快速準確地診斷股骨頭壞死塌陷,從而提高治療的準確性和有效性。2023年06月15日
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張啟棟主任醫(yī)師 中日醫(yī)院 骨科·關節(jié)外科 骨壞死又稱缺血性壞死,無菌性骨壞死或骨栓塞等。骨壞死病因復雜,其確切的病因尚未明確,在診斷、治療、預后判斷及干預等方面尚有許多難點。我國骨壞死的確切發(fā)病率尚不清楚。據(jù)資料,美國每年新發(fā)股骨頭壞死為1.5萬~2萬例,全國累積此病例在30萬~60萬之間。我國新發(fā)病例每年應在7.5萬~15萬之間,累積病例在150萬~300萬之間。由于我國濫用皮質類固醇較普遍,酗酒現(xiàn)象嚴重,因此實際發(fā)病人數(shù)還會高于此數(shù)。骨壞死是一種漸進性的可影響全身許多骨髂的疾病,以股骨頭壞死最常見也危害最大,其次可累及膝、肩、踝、腕及骨干。骨壞死分為創(chuàng)傷性和非創(chuàng)傷性兩大類。前者主要由髖部損傷(骨折、脫位)引起,后者在我國主要由過量過時使用皮質激素(強的松、地塞米松等)及長期過量酗酒引起。此類骨壞死稱為非創(chuàng)傷性骨壞死,它的預防和治療是研究的重點,因為它主要累及中青年(20~50歲),80%以上會累及雙側股骨頭。未經有效治療,約80%的股骨頭壞死會在1~4年內進展到股骨頭塌陷。股骨頭一旦塌陷,87%的股骨頭會在2年內進展到需作人工關節(jié)置換的程度。簡而言之,股骨頭缺血性壞死就是一種由于骨內循環(huán)障礙,骨細胞死亡,繼而導致股骨頭結構發(fā)生變化,引起股骨頭塌陷、髖關節(jié)疼痛和功能障礙的疾病。2023年01月27日
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曲弋副主任醫(yī)師 東直門醫(yī)院 骨科 大家好我是骨科曲醫(yī)生。股骨頭壞死的患者和家屬經常會問,股骨頭壞死能治愈么。其實這個問題需要分階段來認識。針對早期的股骨頭壞死患者,如果能及時診斷,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)病因并糾正,比如停止使用糖皮質激素、戒煙戒酒,并且積極的進行系統(tǒng)治療,部分疾病是可逆的也就是可以治愈的。如果到了股骨頭壞死的中期,骨小梁出現(xiàn)輕微塌陷,我們的目的就是保髖,通過治療使疼痛減輕或消失,使骨破壞得到控制,盡量的保留股骨頭的外形,關節(jié)功能基本得以保留,可以避免進行關節(jié)置換,這種可以稱為臨床治愈。但對于部分患者股骨頭壞死已經到了晚期,股骨頭發(fā)生了明顯的塌陷,關節(jié)間隙狹窄,關節(jié)活動受限,這個階段一般就考慮進行人工關節(jié)置換才能改善患者髖關節(jié)的功能,達到一個較為滿意的效果。2022年11月22日
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曲弋副主任醫(yī)師 東直門醫(yī)院 骨科 股骨頭壞死的病程一般3~5年,也有患者可以長達10余年。那么股骨頭壞死的病程當中會一直不斷惡化嗎?我們知道股骨頭壞死是一個進行性發(fā)展的疾病,一般疾病的初期是因為各種原因導致股骨頭內的血液循環(huán)障礙進而出現(xiàn)骨細胞的壞死,進而出現(xiàn)骨小梁的塌陷,局部出現(xiàn)微骨折,出現(xiàn)股骨頭的輕微的塌陷變形,如果進一步的發(fā)展可以出現(xiàn)嚴重的塌陷變形。股骨頭壞死如果能夠早期的診斷,針對病因及時糾正,早期接受系統(tǒng)的治療,股骨頭壞死的進程大部分是可以被控制的。但是如果不加以控制股骨頭的壞死,繼續(xù)使用激素、過度飲酒、髖部負重,就會加速病情發(fā)展最終會發(fā)展成為嚴重的骨關節(jié)炎。會長時間嚴重的影響人們生活質量,所以被稱為“不死的癌癥”2022年11月22日
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劉寧主任醫(yī)師 哈醫(yī)大一院 骨科 各位患者朋友啊,大家好,呃,我是任醫(yī)生,那么今天呢,繼續(xù)和大家來分享我們臨床上的常見病例,呃,今天呢,又是一個雙側股骨頭缺血性壞死的患者,那么呢,這個老人家呢,是女性患者,今年呢,64歲,呃,指素呢,就是雙側的髖關節(jié)的疼痛和活動受限,那么病人呢,有激素的使用病史,所以呢,出現(xiàn)了一個明顯的股骨頭壞死,表現(xiàn)為雙側的股骨頭呢,失去了圓形的外觀,同時呢,疼痛伴有活動受限,那么對于這樣的情況呢,我們仍然考慮呢,給病人做這個人工髖關節(jié)的置換手術,因為激素性的股骨頭壞死,一旦呢,時間比較長的話呢,股骨頭內部的血運呢,將很難重建,所以呢,只能采用人工關節(jié)置換的方法,來恢復呢,病人的髖關節(jié)功能。2022年11月21日
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韋標方主任醫(yī)師 臨沂市人民醫(yī)院 骨科 點擊上方藍字,獲得更多精彩內容股骨頭壞死病專科一、正確認識股骨頭壞死01什么是股骨頭壞死股骨頭壞死,又稱股骨頭無菌性壞死或股骨頭缺血性壞死,是骨壞死的一種。骨壞死是由于多種原因導致的骨滋養(yǎng)血管受損,進一步導致骨質的缺血、變性、壞死。股骨頭壞死也是由于多種原因導致的股骨頭局部血運不良,從而進一步缺血、壞死、骨小梁斷裂、股骨頭塌陷的一種病變,這種疾病可發(fā)生于任何年齡,但以31—60歲最多,無性別差異,開始多表現(xiàn)為髖關節(jié)或其周圍關節(jié)的隱痛、鈍痛,活動后加重,進一步發(fā)展可導致髖關節(jié)的功能障礙,嚴重影響患者的生活質量和勞動能力,若不及時治療,還可導致終身殘疾。02?股骨頭壞死的病因股骨頭壞死的病因多種多樣比較復雜,難以全面系統(tǒng)地分類,這與發(fā)病機理不清有關。我們在長期的理論研究和臨床診治中歸納出了十種常見的致病因素:1、創(chuàng)傷導致股骨頭壞死:如外力撞擊引起髖周軟組織損傷、股骨頸骨折、髖關節(jié)脫位、髖關節(jié)扭挫傷等。創(chuàng)傷是造成股骨頭壞死的主要因素。2、藥物導致股骨頭壞死:由于大量或長期使用激素類藥物,導致了激素在機體內的積蓄而發(fā)病。3、酒精刺激導致股骨頭壞死:由于長期大量的飲酒而造成血脂增高和肝功能的損害,進而可使血管堵塞,出血或脂肪栓塞,造成骨壞死。4、風、寒、濕導致股骨頭壞死:臨床表現(xiàn)為髖關節(jié)疼痛、寒濕為甚、下蹲困難。5、肝腎虧虛導致股骨頭壞死:表現(xiàn)為全身消瘦、面黃、陽痿、早泄、多夢、遺精、乏力等。6、骨質疏松導致骨壞死:臨床表現(xiàn)為下肢酸軟無力、困疼、不能負重、易骨折。7、扁平髖導致骨壞死:臨床表現(xiàn)為行走鴨子步、下肢短、肌肉萎縮,行50米左右疼痛逐漸加重,功能受限等。8、骨髓異常增生導致骨壞死:表現(xiàn)為患肢寒冷、酸痛、不能負重、易骨折、骨明顯萎縮等。9、骨結核合并骨壞死:表現(xiàn)為結核試驗陽性,午后低燒、痛有定處、消瘦、盜汗、乏力等。10、手術后骨壞死:在臨床中,髖關節(jié)手術致髖關節(jié)囊、髖周軟組織內瘢痕性血供受損,及骨移植、血管移植三年后、骨血供應不足而發(fā)生骨壞死。此外,還有氣壓性、放射性、血液病性疾病造成的股骨頭壞死。在以上諸多因素中,以局部創(chuàng)傷、濫用激素藥、過量飲酒引起的股骨頭壞死多見。其共同的核心問題是各種原因引起的股骨頭的血液循環(huán)障礙,而導致骨細胞缺血、變性、壞死。03股骨頭壞死的分型二、股骨頭壞死的癥狀癥狀分期骨壞死的發(fā)生、演變和結局有其規(guī)律性病理過程,即壞死發(fā)生→死骨被吸收→新骨形成。X線表現(xiàn)不管壞死范圍大小,單發(fā)或多發(fā),都是這一過程的縮影。股骨頭壞死的X線分期方法很多,但我們一般采用Arlet,F(xiàn)icat和Hageffard的5期分法:Ⅰ期(前放射線期)此期約有50%的患者可出現(xiàn)輕微髖痛,負重時加重。查體:髖關節(jié)活動受限,以內旋活動受限最早出現(xiàn),強力內旋時髖關節(jié)疼痛加重。X線顯示:可為陰性,也可見散在性骨質疏松或骨小梁界限模糊。Ⅱ期(壞死形成期/股骨頭變扁前期)臨床癥狀明顯,且較Ⅰ期加重。X線片顯示:股骨頭廣泛骨質疏松,散在性硬化或囊性變,骨小梁紊亂、中斷,部分壞死區(qū),關節(jié)間隙正常。Ⅲ期(移行期)臨床癥狀繼續(xù)加重。X線片顯示:股骨頭輕度變扁,塌陷在2mm以內,關節(jié)間隙輕度變窄。Ⅳ期(塌陷期)臨床癥狀較重。下肢功能明顯受限,疼痛多緩解或消失,患肢肌肉萎縮。X線片顯示:股骨頭外輪廓和骨小梁紊亂、中斷,有半月征,塌陷大于2㎜,有死骨形成,頭變扁,關節(jié)間隙變窄。Ⅴ期(骨關節(jié)炎期)臨床癥狀類似骨性關節(jié)炎表現(xiàn),疼痛明顯,關節(jié)活動范圍嚴重受限。X線片顯示:股骨頭塌陷,邊緣增生,關節(jié)間隙融合或消失,髖關節(jié)半脫位。癥狀表現(xiàn)早期癥狀主要癥狀為側臀部、腹股溝區(qū)或腰骶部疼痛、膝關節(jié)部位牽拉性疼痛、下肢畏寒、無力、酸、麻感。這些癥狀不一定同時出現(xiàn),可能僅表現(xiàn)一兩個癥狀,這些癥狀可能持續(xù)存在,也可能短期內消失。中期癥狀主要表現(xiàn)有跛行、行走疼痛、髖關節(jié)的外展、內收、功能發(fā)生障礙。拍X線片時,會看到硬化骨形成、囊狀改變、骨小梁部分消失、股骨頭軟骨塌陷、斷裂。晚期癥狀患者跛行更加嚴重,行走困難、疼痛、下肢肌肉明顯痿縮、下肢無力、畏寒,下蹲困難、外展內收困難;這時拍X線片會看到股骨頭扁平、關節(jié)間隙狹窄或消失、囊狀改變明顯、硬化骨面積較大、股骨頭軟骨完全斷裂、關節(jié)面高低不平,這時即是股骨頭壞死晚期。三、股骨頭壞死的日常保健知識病要三分治療,七分調養(yǎng),尤其是對于療程很長的慢性疾病來說,日常的護理很重要,股骨頭壞死就是慢性的骨科頑疾,而且治療的難度很大,因此日常的保健措施對于股骨頭壞死的康復有著至關重要的作用,那么股骨頭壞死日常保健要注意什么?對股骨頭壞死患者日常的保健要從生活中的飲食起居等細節(jié)入手,特別需要注意以下幾點:1、情緒:病后患者會不可避免地出現(xiàn)抑郁情緒,很多患者甚至有一個消極的抵抗疾病的心情。股骨頭壞死日常保健要注意什么?這段時間來樹立信心、活動性疾病患者的治療,從陰影中走出來,可以去面對生活。2、飲食:不管是什么病,飲食護理是非常重要的,良好的飲食患者身體恢復快速功能,提高病人的免疫能力。股骨頭壞死日常保健要注意什么?治療股骨頭壞死的股骨頭,應該多吃些高蛋白、維生素和鈣、鐵豐富的食物,高。3、功能:股骨頭壞死日常保健要注意什么?對于骨科疾病的患者來說,功能鍛煉是非常重要的,適當?shù)倪\動,減少脊柱畸形,髖關節(jié)屈曲,如每天早晚各1次,為腰椎和髖部伸展運動,有利于健康的恢復。4、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生:股骨頭壞死患者不能長期處在寒冷和濕潤的環(huán)境中,在潮濕的環(huán)境中,除了適當?shù)幕顒?,洗衣服和被褥,保持工作和生活環(huán)境的干燥,避免癥狀加重。通過上述內容詳細的介紹,想必大家也清楚的認識到了股骨頭壞死日常保健要注意什么這個問題的嚴重性,因此對于股骨頭壞死一定要對其重視起來,不要因為不當?shù)淖o理措施而影響了股骨頭壞死的治療效果。四、怎樣預防股骨頭壞死股骨頭壞死癥的發(fā)生,是完全可以預防的。如果在日常工作和生活中,或在某些疾病的治療用藥上多加小心注意就行,一般要做到以下幾個方面:1、一定要加強髖部的自我保護意識。2、走路時要注意腳下,小心摔跤,特別在冬季冰雪地行走時要注意防滑摔倒。3、在體育運動之前,要充分做好髖部的準備活動、感覺身體發(fā)熱、四肢靈活為度。4、在扛、背重物時,要避免髖部扭傷,盡量不要干過重的活。5、髖部受傷后應及時治療、切不可在病傷未愈情況下,過多行走,以免反復損傷髖關節(jié)。6、在治療某些疾病上,特別是一些疼痛性疾病時盡量不用或少用激素類藥物。7、盡量不要養(yǎng)成長期大量飲酒的毛病。8、對股骨頸骨折采用堅強內固定,同時應用帶血管蒂骨瓣頭植骨,促進股骨頸愈合,增加頭部血運,防止骨壞死,術后應定期隨訪,適當口服促進血運的中藥和鈣劑,預防股骨頭缺血性的發(fā)生。9、因為相關疾病必須應用激素時,要掌握短期適量的原則,并配合擴血管藥、維生素D、鈣劑等,切勿不聽醫(yī)囑自作主張,濫用激素類藥物。10、應改掉長期酗酒的不良習慣或戒酒,脫離致病因素的接觸環(huán)境,清除酒精的化學毒性,防止組織吸收。11、對職業(yè)因素如深水潛水員、高空飛行員、高壓工作環(huán)境中的人員應注意勞動保護及改善工作條件,確已患病者應改變工種并及時就醫(yī)。12、飲食上應做到:不吃辣椒,不過量飲酒,不吃激素類藥物,注意增加鈣的攝人量,食用新鮮蔬菜和水果,多曬太陽,防止負重,經?;顒拥葘晒穷^壞死均有預防作用。五、股骨頭壞死病人??????如何正確使用拐杖股骨頭壞死一旦被確診,應當正確使用拐杖,以有效的避免負重或部分負重。例如上樓時,應先邁上健側下肢,后邁患肢,最后雙拐再上去,下樓時應先讓雙拐下,后下患肢,最后下健肢。走平路時,可以先把左拐前移,后邁右下肢,再前移右拐,最后邁左下肢,即四點步態(tài)法。如果需要用單拐時切忌必須將拐杖放在健側腋下,并與患肢同時行走,這樣可以消除患側臀部肌疲勞,減輕患髖的受力,并增加穩(wěn)定性。如果需要用手杖應注意手杖的高度,不能高于本人的左粗隆頂端。選擇拐杖的質量以木質(水曲柳木較好)和金屬制(鋁合金)的最常用。要選擇無裂隙、疤結等質優(yōu)的拐杖,柄部要有足夠的海綿保護。高度的選擇應當是以本人腋前緣至足底外緣的長度外加5公分為宜,也可用本人身高減去40厘米為準。著力時要以手握拐杖橫柄,不要把身體重量壓在腋窩的拐柄區(qū)。使用拐杖的時間,要根據(jù)病情遵醫(yī)囑執(zhí)行。2022年11月11日
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